Update opentelemetry-rust monorepo

2024-07-15 19:18:11 +00:00
238 changed files with 7006 additions and 9768 deletions
@@ -27,16 +27,6 @@ concurrency:
    cancel-in-progress: true

 env:
-    # sccache only on main repo
-    SCCACHE_GHA_ENABLED: "${{ (github.event.pull_request.draft != true) && (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (vars.GITLAB_USERNAME != '') && (vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT != '') && (github.event.pull_request.user.login != 'renovate[bot]') && 'true' || 'false' }}"
-    RUSTC_WRAPPER: "${{ (github.event.pull_request.draft != true) && (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (vars.GITLAB_USERNAME != '') && (vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT != '') && (github.event.pull_request.user.login != 'renovate[bot]') && 'sccache' || '' }}"
-    SCCACHE_BUCKET: "${{ (github.event.pull_request.draft != true) && (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (vars.GITLAB_USERNAME != '') && (vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT != '') && (github.event.pull_request.user.login != 'renovate[bot]') && 'sccache' || '' }}"
-    SCCACHE_S3_USE_SSL: ${{ vars.SCCACHE_S3_USE_SSL }}
-    SCCACHE_REGION: ${{ vars.SCCACHE_REGION }}
-    SCCACHE_ENDPOINT: ${{ vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT }}
-    SCCACHE_CACHE_MULTIARCH: ${{ vars.SCCACHE_CACHE_MULTIARCH }}
-    AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
-    AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
    # Required to make some things output color
    TERM: ansi
    # Publishing to my nix binary cache
@@ -48,11 +38,8 @@ env:
    # Custom nix binary cache if fork is being used
    ATTIC_ENDPOINT: ${{ vars.ATTIC_ENDPOINT }}
    ATTIC_PUBLIC_KEY: ${{ vars.ATTIC_PUBLIC_KEY }}
-    # Get error output from nix that we can actually use, and use our binary caches for the earlier CI steps
-    NIX_CONFIG: |
-      show-trace = true
-      extra-substituters = https://attic.kennel.juneis.dog/conduit https://attic.kennel.juneis.dog/conduwuit https://cache.lix.systems https://conduwuit.cachix.org
-      extra-trusted-public-keys = conduit:eEKoUwlQGDdYmAI/Q/0slVlegqh/QmAvQd7HBSm21Wk= conduwuit:BbycGUgTISsltcmH0qNjFR9dbrQNYgdIAcmViSGoVTE= cache.lix.systems:aBnZUw8zA7H35Cz2RyKFVs3H4PlGTLawyY5KRbvJR8o= conduwuit.cachix.org-1:MFRm6jcnfTf0jSAbmvLfhO3KBMt4px+1xaereWXp8Xg=
+    # Get error output from nix that we can actually use
+    NIX_CONFIG: show-trace = true

 permissions:
    packages: write
@@ -62,8 +49,6 @@ jobs:
    tests:
        name: Test
        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-        env:
-          CARGO_PROFILE: "test"
        steps:
            - name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
              uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@main
@@ -72,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
              uses: actions/checkout@v4

            - name: Tag comparison check
-              if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !endsWith(github.ref, '-rc') }}
+              if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v')
              run: |
                  # Tag mismatch with latest repo tag check to prevent potential downgrades
                  LATEST_TAG=$(git describe --tags `git rev-list --tags --max-count=1`)
@@ -130,39 +115,15 @@ jobs:
            - name: Prepare build environment
              run: |
                  echo 'source $HOME/.nix-profile/share/nix-direnv/direnvrc' > "$HOME/.direnvrc"
-                  nix profile install --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
+                  nix profile install --impure --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
                  direnv allow
                  nix develop .#all-features --command true

            - name: Cache CI dependencies
              run: |
-                  # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-                  ATTEMPTS=3
-                  SUCCESS=false
-                  while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-                  do
                  bin/nix-build-and-cache ci
-                    if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                      SUCCESS=true
-                      break
-                    else
-                      sleep 3
-                    fi
-                  done

-                  if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-                    exit 1
-                  fi
-
-            # use sccache for Rust
-            - name: Run sccache-cache
-              if: (github.event.pull_request.draft != true) && (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (vars.GITLAB_USERNAME != '') && (vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT != '') && (github.event.pull_request.user.login != 'renovate[bot]')
-              uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@main
-
-            # use rust-cache
            - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-              with:
-                cache-all-crates: "true"

            - name: Run CI tests
              run: |
@@ -216,10 +177,6 @@ jobs:
                      echo '```' >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
                  fi

-            - name: Run cargo clean test artifacts
-              run: |
-                  cargo clean --profile test
-
    build:
        name: Build
        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -230,9 +187,6 @@ jobs:
                    - target: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl
                    - target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
        steps:
-            - name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
-              uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@main
-
            - name: Sync repository
              uses: actions/checkout@v4

@@ -283,43 +237,16 @@ jobs:
            - name: Prepare build environment
              run: |
                  echo 'source $HOME/.nix-profile/share/nix-direnv/direnvrc' > "$HOME/.direnvrc"
-                  nix profile install --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
+                  nix profile install --impure --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
                  direnv allow
                  nix develop .#all-features --command true

-            # use sccache for Rust
-            - name: Run sccache-cache
-              if: (github.event.pull_request.draft != true) && (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (vars.GITLAB_USERNAME != '') && (vars.SCCACHE_ENDPOINT != '') && (github.event.pull_request.user.login != 'renovate[bot]')
-              uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@main
-
-            # use rust-cache
-            - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-              with:
-                cache-all-crates: "true"
-
            - name: Build static ${{ matrix.target }}
              run: |
                  CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE=$(echo ${{ matrix.target }} | grep -o -E '^([^-]*-){3}[^-]*')
                  SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)

-                  # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-                  ATTEMPTS=3
-                  SUCCESS=false
-                  while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-                  do
                  bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#static-${{ matrix.target }}-all-features
-                    if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                      SUCCESS=true
-                      break
-                    else
-                      sleep 3
-                    fi
-                  done
-
-                  if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-                    exit 1
-                  fi
-
                  mkdir -v -p target/release/
                  mkdir -v -p target/$CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE/release/
                  cp -v -f result/bin/conduit target/release/conduwuit
@@ -329,66 +256,6 @@ jobs:
                  mv -v target/release/conduwuit static-${{ matrix.target }}
                  mv -v target/release/${{ matrix.target }}.deb ${{ matrix.target }}.deb

-            # quick smoke test of the x86_64 static release binary
-            - name: Run x86_64 static release binary
-              run: |
-                  # GH actions default runners are x86_64 only
-                  if file result/bin/conduit | grep x86-64; then
-                    result/bin/conduit --version
-                  fi
-
-            - name: Build static debug ${{ matrix.target }}
-              run: |
-                  CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE=$(echo ${{ matrix.target }} | grep -o -E '^([^-]*-){3}[^-]*')
-                  SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=$(git log -1 --pretty=%ct)
-
-                  # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-                  ATTEMPTS=3
-                  SUCCESS=false
-                  while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-                  do
-                    bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#static-${{ matrix.target }}-all-features-debug
-                    if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                      SUCCESS=true
-                      break
-                    else
-                      sleep 3
-                    fi
-                  done
-
-                  if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-                    exit 1
-                  fi
-
-                  # > warning: dev profile is not supported and will be a hard error in the future. cargo-deb is for making releases, and it doesn't make sense to use it with dev profiles.
-                  # so we need to coerce cargo-deb into thinking this is a release binary
-                  mkdir -v -p target/release/
-                  mkdir -v -p target/$CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE/release/
-                  cp -v -f result/bin/conduit target/release/conduwuit
-                  cp -v -f result/bin/conduit target/$CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE/release/conduwuit
-                  # -p conduit is the main crate name
-                  direnv exec . cargo deb --verbose --no-build --no-strip -p conduit --target=$CARGO_DEB_TARGET_TUPLE --output target/release/${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb
-                  mv -v target/release/conduwuit static-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-                  mv -v target/release/${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb ${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb
-
-            # quick smoke test of the x86_64 static debug binary
-            - name: Run x86_64 static debug binary
-              run: |
-                  # GH actions default runners are x86_64 only
-                  if file result/bin/conduit | grep x86-64; then
-                    result/bin/conduit --version
-                  fi
-
-            # check validity of produced deb package, invalid debs will error on these commands
-            - name: Validate produced deb package
-              run: |
-                  # List contents
-                  dpkg-deb --contents ${{ matrix.target }}.deb
-                  dpkg-deb --contents ${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb
-                  # List info
-                  dpkg-deb --info ${{ matrix.target }}.deb
-                  dpkg-deb --info ${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb
-
            - name: Upload static-${{ matrix.target }}
              uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
              with:
@@ -404,65 +271,11 @@ jobs:
                  if-no-files-found: error
                  compression-level: 0

-            - name: Upload static-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-              uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-              with:
-                  name: static-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-                  path: static-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-                  if-no-files-found: error
-
-            - name: Upload deb ${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-              uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-              with:
-                  name: deb-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-                  path: ${{ matrix.target }}-debug.deb
-                  if-no-files-found: error
-                  compression-level: 0
-
            - name: Build OCI image ${{ matrix.target }}
              run: |
-                  # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-                  ATTEMPTS=3
-                  SUCCESS=false
-                  while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-                  do
                  bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}-all-features
-                    if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                      SUCCESS=true
-                      break
-                    else
-                      sleep 3
-                    fi
-                  done
-
-                  if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-                    exit 1
-                  fi
-
                  cp -v -f result oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}.tar.gz

-            - name: Build debug OCI image ${{ matrix.target }}
-              run: |
-                  # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-                  ATTEMPTS=3
-                  SUCCESS=false
-                  while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-                  do
-                    bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}-all-features-debug
-                    if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                      SUCCESS=true
-                      break
-                    else
-                      sleep 3
-                    fi
-                  done
-
-                  if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-                    exit 1
-                  fi
-
-                  cp -v -f result oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}-debug.tar.gz
-
            - name: Upload OCI image ${{ matrix.target }}
              uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
              with:
@@ -471,14 +284,6 @@ jobs:
                  if-no-files-found: error
                  compression-level: 0

-            - name: Upload OCI image ${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-              uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-              with:
-                  name: oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}-debug
-                  path: oci-image-${{ matrix.target }}-debug.tar.gz
-                  if-no-files-found: error
-                  compression-level: 0
-
    docker:
        name: Docker publish
        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -488,15 +293,15 @@ jobs:
            DOCKER_ARM64: docker.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-arm64v8
            DOCKER_AMD64: docker.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-amd64
            DOCKER_TAG: docker.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
-            DOCKER_BRANCH: docker.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !endsWith(github.ref, '-rc') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}
+            DOCKER_BRANCH: docker.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}
            GHCR_ARM64: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-arm64v8
            GHCR_AMD64: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-amd64
            GHCR_TAG: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
-            GHCR_BRANCH: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !endsWith(github.ref, '-rc') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}
+            GHCR_BRANCH: ghcr.io/${{ github.repository }}:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}
            GLCR_ARM64: registry.gitlab.com/conduwuit/conduwuit:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-arm64v8
            GLCR_AMD64: registry.gitlab.com/conduwuit/conduwuit:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}-amd64
            GLCR_TAG: registry.gitlab.com/conduwuit/conduwuit:${{ (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}-${{ github.sha }}
-            GLCR_BRANCH: registry.gitlab.com/conduwuit/conduwuit:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && !endsWith(github.ref, '-rc') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}
+            GLCR_BRANCH: registry.gitlab.com/conduwuit/conduwuit:${{ (startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/v') && 'latest') || (github.head_ref != '' && format('merge-{0}-{1}', github.event.number, github.event.pull_request.user.login)) || github.ref_name }}

            DOCKERHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
            GITLAB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITLAB_TOKEN }}
@@ -529,10 +334,8 @@ jobs:

            - name: Move OCI images into position
              run: |
-                  mv -v oci-image-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/*.tar.gz oci-image-amd64.tar.gz
-                  mv -v oci-image-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl/*.tar.gz oci-image-arm64v8.tar.gz
-                  mv -v oci-image-x86_64-unknown-linux-musl-debug/*.tar.gz oci-image-amd64-debug.tar.gz
-                  mv -v oci-image-aarch64-unknown-linux-musl-debug/*.tar.gz oci-image-arm64v8-debug.tar.gz
+                  mv -v oci-image-x86_64-*/*.tar.gz oci-image-amd64.tar.gz
+                  mv -v oci-image-aarch64-*/*.tar.gz oci-image-arm64v8.tar.gz

            - name: Load and push amd64 image
              if: ${{ (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (env.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '') }}
@@ -556,28 +359,6 @@ jobs:
                  docker push ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }}
                  docker push ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }}

-            - name: Load and push amd64 debug image
-              if: ${{ (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (env.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '') }}
-              run: |
-                  docker load -i oci-image-amd64-debug.tar.gz
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.DOCKER_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.DOCKER_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-
-            - name: Load and push arm64 debug image
-              if: ${{ (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (env.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '') }}
-              run: |
-                  docker load -i oci-image-arm64v8-debug.tar.gz
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.DOCKER_ARM64 }}-debug
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }}-debug
-                  docker tag $(docker images -q conduit:main) ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.DOCKER_ARM64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }}-debug
-                  docker push ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }}-debug
-
            - name: Create Docker combined manifests
              run: |
                  # Dockerhub Container Registry
@@ -587,21 +368,9 @@ jobs:
                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GHCR_TAG }} --amend ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }} --amend ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}
                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GHCR_BRANCH }} --amend ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }} --amend ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}
                  # GitLab Container Registry
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }} --amend ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }} --amend ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}
+                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }} --amend ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }} --amend ${{ env.GCCR_AMD64 }}
                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GLCR_BRANCH }} --amend ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }} --amend ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}

-            - name: Create Docker combined debug manifests
-              run: |
-                  # Dockerhub Container Registry
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.DOCKER_TAG }}-debug --amend ${{ env.DOCKER_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.DOCKER_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.DOCKER_BRANCH }}-debug --amend ${{ env.DOCKER_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.DOCKER_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  # GitHub Container Registry
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GHCR_TAG }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GHCR_BRANCH }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GHCR_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GHCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  # GitLab Container Registry
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-                  docker manifest create ${{ env.GLCR_BRANCH }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GLCR_ARM64 }}-debug --amend ${{ env.GLCR_AMD64 }}-debug
-
            - name: Push manifests to Docker registries
              if: ${{ (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (env.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '') }}
              run: |
@@ -611,12 +380,6 @@ jobs:
                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GHCR_BRANCH }}
                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }}
                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GLCR_BRANCH }}
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.DOCKER_TAG }}-debug
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.DOCKER_BRANCH }}-debug
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GHCR_TAG }}-debug
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GHCR_BRANCH }}-debug
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }}-debug
-                  docker manifest push ${{ env.GLCR_BRANCH }}-debug

            - name: Add Image Links to Job Summary
              if: ${{ (vars.DOCKER_USERNAME != '') && (env.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '') }}
@@ -624,6 +387,3 @@ jobs:
                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.DOCKER_TAG }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.GHCR_TAG }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }}\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.DOCKER_TAG }}-debug\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.GHCR_TAG }}-debug\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
-                  echo "- \`docker pull ${{ env.GLCR_TAG }}-debug\`" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
@@ -21,11 +21,8 @@ env:
  # Custom nix binary cache if fork is being used
  ATTIC_ENDPOINT: ${{ vars.ATTIC_ENDPOINT }}
  ATTIC_PUBLIC_KEY: ${{ vars.ATTIC_PUBLIC_KEY }}
-  # Get error output from nix that we can actually use, and use our binary caches for the earlier CI steps
-  NIX_CONFIG: |
-    show-trace = true
-    extra-substituters = https://attic.kennel.juneis.dog/conduit https://attic.kennel.juneis.dog/conduwuit https://cache.lix.systems https://conduwuit.cachix.org
-    extra-trusted-public-keys = conduit:eEKoUwlQGDdYmAI/Q/0slVlegqh/QmAvQd7HBSm21Wk= conduwuit:BbycGUgTISsltcmH0qNjFR9dbrQNYgdIAcmViSGoVTE= cache.lix.systems:aBnZUw8zA7H35Cz2RyKFVs3H4PlGTLawyY5KRbvJR8o= conduwuit.cachix.org-1:MFRm6jcnfTf0jSAbmvLfhO3KBMt4px+1xaereWXp8Xg=
+  # Get error output from nix that we can actually use
+  NIX_CONFIG: show-trace = true

 # Allow only one concurrent deployment, skipping runs queued between the run in-progress and latest queued.
 # However, do NOT cancel in-progress runs as we want to allow these production deployments to complete.
@@ -47,9 +44,6 @@ jobs:
      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}

    steps:
-      - name: Free Disk Space (Ubuntu)
-        uses: jlumbroso/free-disk-space@main
-
      - name: Sync repository
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

@@ -104,29 +98,13 @@ jobs:
      - name: Prepare build environment
        run: |
            echo 'source $HOME/.nix-profile/share/nix-direnv/direnvrc' > "$HOME/.direnvrc"
-            nix profile install --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
+            nix profile install --impure --inputs-from . nixpkgs#direnv nixpkgs#nix-direnv
            direnv allow
            nix develop --command true

      - name: Cache CI dependencies
        run: |
-            # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-            ATTEMPTS=3
-            SUCCESS=false
-            while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-            do
            bin/nix-build-and-cache ci
-              if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                SUCCESS=true
-                break
-              else
-                sleep 3
-              fi
-            done
-
-            if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-              exit 1
-            fi

      - name: Run lychee and markdownlint
        run: |
@@ -135,26 +113,8 @@ jobs:

      - name: Build documentation (book)
        run: |
-            # attic nix binary cache server is very, very terribly flakey. nothing i can do to fix it other than retry multiple times here
-            ATTEMPTS=3
-            SUCCESS=false
-            while (( ATTEMPTS-- > 0 ))
-            do
-              bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#book
-              if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then
-                SUCCESS=true
-                break
-              else
-                sleep 3
-              fi
-            done
-
-            if [[ $SUCCESS == "false" ]]; then
-              exit 1
-            fi
-
+          ./bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#book
          cp -r --dereference result public
-
      - name: Upload generated documentation (book) as normal artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ The following binaries are used in [`engage.toml`][engage.toml]:
 - [`cargo-deb`][cargo-deb]
 - [`lychee`][lychee]
 - [`markdownlint-cli`][markdownlint-cli]
- `dpkg`

 ### Matrix tests

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ categories = ["network-programming"]
 description = "a very cool fork of Conduit, a Matrix homeserver written in Rust"
 edition = "2021"
 homepage = "https://conduwuit.puppyirl.gay/"
-keywords = ["chat", "matrix", "server", "uwu"]
+keywords = ["chat", "matrix", "server"]
 license = "Apache-2.0"
 # See also `rust-toolchain.toml`
 readme = "README.md"
 repository = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/conduwuit"
-rust-version = "1.80.0"
-version = "0.4.6"
+rust-version = "1.77.0"
+version = "0.4.5"

 [workspace.metadata.crane]
 name = "conduit"
@@ -28,19 +28,6 @@ name = "conduit"
 [workspace.dependencies.const-str]
 version = "0.5.7"

-[workspace.dependencies.ctor]
-version = "0.2.8"
-
-[workspace.dependencies.cargo_toml]
-version = "0.20"
-default-features = false
-features = ["features"]
-
-[workspace.dependencies.toml]
-version = "0.8.14"
-default-features = false
-features = ["parse"]
-
 [workspace.dependencies.sanitize-filename]
 version = "0.5.0"

@@ -97,7 +84,6 @@ features = ["typed-header", "tracing"]

 [workspace.dependencies.axum-server]
 version = "0.6.0"
-default-features = false
 features = ["tls-rustls"]

 [workspace.dependencies.axum-client-ip]
@@ -105,12 +91,10 @@ version = "0.6.0"

 [workspace.dependencies.tower]
 version = "0.4.13"
-default-features = false
 features = ["util"]

 [workspace.dependencies.tower-http]
 version = "0.5.2"
-default-features = false
 features = [
    "add-extension",
    "cors",
@@ -133,12 +117,10 @@ features = [

 [workspace.dependencies.serde]
 version = "1.0.204"
-default-features = false
 features = ["rc"]

 [workspace.dependencies.serde_json]
-version = "1.0.121"
-default-features = false
+version = "1.0.120"
 features = ["raw_value"]

 # Used for appservice registration files
@@ -206,8 +188,7 @@ version = "0.3.30"
 default-features = false

 [workspace.dependencies.tokio]
-version = "1.39.2"
-default-features = false
+version = "1.38.0"
 features = [
 	"fs",
 	"net",
@@ -223,12 +204,11 @@ features = [
 version = "0.3.1"

 [workspace.dependencies.libloading]
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.3"

 # Validating urls in config, was already a transitive dependency
 [workspace.dependencies.url]
 version = "2.5.0"
-default-features = false
 features = ["serde"]

 # standard date and time tools
@@ -238,8 +218,7 @@ features = ["alloc", "std"]
 default-features = false

 [workspace.dependencies.hyper]
-version = "1.4.1"
-default-features = false
+version = "1.4.0"
 features = [
 	"server",
 	"http1",
@@ -248,7 +227,6 @@ features = [

 [workspace.dependencies.hyper-util]
 version = "0.1.6"
-default-features = false
 features = [
 	"client",
 	"server-auto",
@@ -260,13 +238,11 @@ features = [
 # to support multiple variations of setting a config option
 [workspace.dependencies.either]
 version = "1.11.0"
-default-features = false
 features = ["serde"]

 # Used for reading the configuration from conduwuit.toml & environment variables
 [workspace.dependencies.figment]
 version = "0.10.18"
-default-features = false
 features = ["env", "toml"]

 [workspace.dependencies.hickory-resolver]
@@ -275,7 +251,7 @@ default-features = false

 # Used for conduit::Error type
 [workspace.dependencies.thiserror]
-version = "1.0.63"
+version = "1.0.62"

 # Used when hashing the state
 [workspace.dependencies.ring]
@@ -304,7 +280,7 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 [workspace.dependencies.ruma]
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/ruwuma"
 #branch = "conduwuit-changes"
-rev = "c76e2873c1593a3308d4ba3e0e4a1db65acf8536"
+rev = "c51ccb2c68d2e3557eb12b1a49036531711ec0e5"
 features = [
    "compat",
    "rand",
@@ -317,7 +293,6 @@ features = [
    "server-util",
    "unstable-exhaustive-types",
    "ring-compat",
-    "identifiers-validation",
    "unstable-unspecified",
    "unstable-msc2448",
    "unstable-msc2666",
@@ -332,6 +307,10 @@ features = [
    "unstable-extensible-events",
 ]

+[workspace.dependencies.ruma-identifiers-validation]
+git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/ruwuma"
+rev = "fd686e77950680462377c9105dfb4136dd49c7a0"
+
 [workspace.dependencies.rust-rocksdb]
 path = "deps/rust-rocksdb"
 package = "rust-rocksdb-uwu"
@@ -354,7 +333,7 @@ version = "0.10.8"

 # optional opentelemetry, performance measurements, flamegraphs, etc for performance measurements and monitoring
 [workspace.dependencies.opentelemetry]
-version = "0.21.0"
+version = "0.24.0"

 [workspace.dependencies.tracing-flame]
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -363,11 +342,11 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 version = "0.22.0"

 [workspace.dependencies.opentelemetry_sdk]
-version = "0.21.2"
+version = "0.24.0"
 features = ["rt-tokio"]

 [workspace.dependencies.opentelemetry-jaeger]
-version = "0.20.0"
+version = "0.22.0"
 features = ["rt-tokio"]

 # optional sentry metrics for crash/panic reporting
@@ -393,26 +372,24 @@ version = "0.34.0"
 version = "0.34.0"

 # jemalloc usage
-# locked to 0.5.4 due to static binary linking breakage
 [workspace.dependencies.tikv-jemalloc-sys]
-version = "=0.5.4"
+version = "0.5.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["stats", "unprefixed_malloc_on_supported_platforms"]
 [workspace.dependencies.tikv-jemallocator]
-version = "=0.5.4"
+version = "0.5.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["stats", "unprefixed_malloc_on_supported_platforms"]
 [workspace.dependencies.tikv-jemalloc-ctl]
-version = "=0.5.4"
+version = "0.5.4"
 default-features = false
 features = ["use_std"]

 [workspace.dependencies.console-subscriber]
-version = "0.4"
+version = "0.3"

 [workspace.dependencies.nix]
 version = "0.29.0"
-default-features = false
 features = ["resource"]

 [workspace.dependencies.sd-notify]
@@ -428,8 +405,8 @@ features = [
 ]

 [workspace.dependencies.rustyline-async]
-version = "0.4.2"
-default-features = false
+git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/rustyline-async"
+rev = "de26100b0db03e419a3d8e1dd26895d170d1fe50"

 [workspace.dependencies.termimad]
 version = "0.29.4"
@@ -438,17 +415,6 @@ default-features = false
 [workspace.dependencies.checked_ops]
 version = "0.1"

-[workspace.dependencies.syn]
-version = "2.0.72"
-default-features = false
-features = ["full", "extra-traits"]
-
-[workspace.dependencies.quote]
-version = "1.0.36"
-
-[workspace.dependencies.proc-macro2]
-version = "1.0.86"
-

 #
 # Patches
@@ -459,16 +425,16 @@ version = "1.0.86"
 # https://github.com/girlbossceo/tracing/commit/b348dca742af641c47bc390261f60711c2af573c
 [patch.crates-io.tracing-subscriber]
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/tracing"
-rev = "4d78a14a5e03f539b8c6b475aefa08bb14e4de91"
+rev = "b348dca742af641c47bc390261f60711c2af573c"
 [patch.crates-io.tracing]
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/tracing"
-rev = "4d78a14a5e03f539b8c6b475aefa08bb14e4de91"
+rev = "b348dca742af641c47bc390261f60711c2af573c"
 [patch.crates-io.tracing-core]
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/tracing"
-rev = "4d78a14a5e03f539b8c6b475aefa08bb14e4de91"
+rev = "b348dca742af641c47bc390261f60711c2af573c"
 [patch.crates-io.tracing-log]
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/tracing"
-rev = "4d78a14a5e03f539b8c6b475aefa08bb14e4de91"
+rev = "b348dca742af641c47bc390261f60711c2af573c"

 # fixes hyper graceful shutdowns [https://github.com/programatik29/axum-server/issues/114]
 # https://github.com/girlbossceo/axum-server/commit/8e3368d899079818934e61cc9c839abcbbcada8a
@@ -476,12 +442,6 @@ rev = "4d78a14a5e03f539b8c6b475aefa08bb14e4de91"
 git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/axum-server"
 rev = "8e3368d899079818934e61cc9c839abcbbcada8a"

-# adds a tab completion callback: https://github.com/girlbossceo/rustyline-async/commit/de26100b0db03e419a3d8e1dd26895d170d1fe50
-# adds event for CTRL+\: https://github.com/girlbossceo/rustyline-async/commit/67d8c49aeac03a5ef4e818f663eaa94dd7bf339b
-[patch.crates-io.rustyline-async]
-git = "https://github.com/girlbossceo/rustyline-async"
-rev = "de26100b0db03e419a3d8e1dd26895d170d1fe50"
-
 #
 # Our crates
 #
@@ -516,11 +476,6 @@ package = "conduit_core"
 path = "src/core"
 default-features = false

-[workspace.dependencies.conduit-macros]
-package = "conduit_macros"
-path = "src/macros"
-default-features = false
-
 ###############################################################################
 #
 # Release profiles
@@ -569,17 +524,7 @@ lto = "fat"
 [profile.release-max-perf.build-override]
 inherits = "release-max-perf"
 opt-level = 0
-codegen-units = 32
 #rustflags = [
-#	'-Crelocation-model=pic',
-#	'-Ctarget-feature=-crt-static',
-#	'-Clink-arg=-Wl,--no-gc-sections',
-#]
-
-[profile.release-max-perf.package.conduit_macros]
-inherits = "release-max-perf.build-override"
-#rustflags = [
-#	'-Crelocation-model=pic',
 #	'-Ctarget-feature=-crt-static',
 #]

@@ -708,16 +653,7 @@ opt-level = 'z'
 #	'-Clink-arg=-Wl,-z,nodelete',
 #]

-# primarily used for CI
 [profile.test]
-inherits = "dev"
-codegen-units = 16
-incremental = false
-
-[profile.test.package.'*']
-inherits = "dev"
-debug = 0
-codegen-units = 16
 incremental = false

 ###############################################################################
@@ -779,19 +715,19 @@ variant_size_differences = "allow"
 [workspace.lints.clippy]

 ###################
-cargo = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+cargo = "warn"

 ## some sadness
 multiple_crate_versions = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }

 ###################
-complexity = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+complexity = "warn"

 ###################
-correctness = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+correctness = "warn"

 ###################
-nursery = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+nursery = "warn"

 ## some sadness
 missing_const_for_fn = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }             # TODO
@@ -801,7 +737,7 @@ significant_drop_in_scrutinee = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }    # TODO
 significant_drop_tightening = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }      # TODO

 ###################
-pedantic = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+pedantic = "warn"

 ## some sadness
 doc_markdown = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }
@@ -820,12 +756,12 @@ unnecessary_wraps = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }
 unused_async = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }

 ###################
-perf = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+perf = "warn"

 ###################
 #restriction = "warn"

-#allow_attributes = "warn"                                           # UNSTABLE
+allow_attributes = "warn"
 arithmetic_side_effects = "warn"
 as_conversions = "warn"
 as_underscore = "warn"
@@ -870,15 +806,14 @@ unseparated_literal_suffix = "warn"
 verbose_file_reads = "warn"

 ###################
-style = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+style = "warn"

 ## some sadness
 # trivial assertions are quite alright
 assertions_on_constants = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }
-module_inception = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }

 ###################
-suspicious = { level = "warn", priority = -1 }
+suspicious = "warn"

 ## some sadness
 let_underscore_future = { level = "allow", priority = 1 }
@@ -52,10 +52,9 @@

 # Performance monitoring/tracing sample rate for Sentry.io
 #
-# Note that too high values may impact performance, and can be disabled by setting it to 0.0 (0%)
-# This value is read as a percentage to Sentry, represented as a decimal
+# Note that too high values may impact performance, and can be disabled by setting it to 0.0
 #
-# Defaults to 15% of traces (0.15)
+# Defaults to 0.15
 #sentry_traces_sample_rate = 0.15

 # Whether to attach a stacktrace to Sentry reports.
@@ -402,7 +401,7 @@ allow_profile_lookup_federation_requests = true
 # setting this to false may reduce startup time.
 #
 # Enabled by default.
-#media_startup_check = true
+#media_statup_check = true

 # OpenID token expiration/TTL in seconds
 #
@@ -422,11 +421,8 @@ allow_profile_lookup_federation_requests = true

 # Set this to any float value to multiply conduwuit's in-memory LRU caches with.
 # May be useful if you have significant memory to spare to increase performance.
-#
-# This was previously called `conduit_cache_capacity_modifier`
-#
 # Defaults to 1.0.
-#cache_capacity_modifier = 1.0
+#conduit_cache_capacity_modifier = 1.0

 # Set this to any float value in megabytes for conduwuit to tell the database engine that this much memory is available for database-related caches.
 # May be useful if you have significant memory to spare to increase performance.
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ malloc-usable-size = ["rust-rocksdb/malloc-usable-size"]

 [dependencies.rust-rocksdb]
 git = "https://github.com/zaidoon1/rust-rocksdb"
-rev = "4056a3b0f823013fec49f6d0b3e5698856e6476a"
+rev = "db1ba33c2b78ad228e2525e8902d059c24fc81a1"
 #branch = "master"
 default-features = false

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Otherwise, follow standard Rust project build guides (installing git and cloning
 While conduwuit can run as any user it is better to use dedicated users for different services. This also allows
 you to make sure that the file permissions are correctly set up.

-In Debian or Fedora/RHEL, you can use this command to create a conduwuit user:
+In Debian or RHEL, you can use this command to create a conduwuit user:

 ```bash
 sudo adduser --system conduwuit --group --disabled-login --no-create-home
@@ -53,11 +53,13 @@ RocksDB is the only supported database backend.

 ## Setting the correct file permissions

-If you are using a dedicated user for conduwuit, you will need to allow it to read the config. To do that you can run this:
+If you are using a dedicated user for conduwuit, you will need to allow it to read the config. To do that you can run this command on
+
+Debian or RHEL:

 ```bash
 sudo chown -R root:root /etc/conduwuit
-sudo chmod -R 755 /etc/conduwuit
+sudo chmod 755 /etc/conduwuit
 ```

 If you use the default database path you also need to run this:
@@ -60,11 +60,6 @@ name = "markdownlint"
 group = "versions"
 script = "markdownlint --version"

-[[task]]
-name = "dpkg"
-group = "versions"
-script = "dpkg --version"
-
 [[task]]
 name = "cargo-audit"
 group = "security"
@@ -73,9 +68,7 @@ script = "cargo audit -D warnings -D unmaintained -D unsound -D yanked"
 [[task]]
 name = "cargo-fmt"
 group = "lints"
-script = """
-cargo fmt --check -- --color=always
-"""
+script = "cargo fmt --check -- --color=always"

 [[task]]
 name = "cargo-doc"
@@ -86,7 +79,6 @@ env DIRENV_DEVSHELL=all-features \
    direnv exec . \
    cargo doc \
        --workspace \
-        --profile test \
        --all-features \
        --no-deps \
        --document-private-items \
@@ -99,7 +91,6 @@ group = "lints"
 script = """
 cargo clippy \
    --workspace \
-    --profile test \
    --all-targets \
    --color=always \
    -- \
@@ -114,7 +105,6 @@ env DIRENV_DEVSHELL=all-features \
    direnv exec . \
    cargo clippy \
        --workspace \
-        --profile test \
        --all-targets \
        --all-features \
        --color=always \
@@ -128,7 +118,6 @@ group = "lints"
 script = """
 cargo clippy \
    --workspace \
-    --profile test \
    --features jemalloc \
    --all-targets \
    --color=always \
@@ -167,7 +156,6 @@ env DIRENV_DEVSHELL=all-features \
    direnv exec . \
    cargo test \
        --workspace \
-        --profile test \
        --all-targets \
        --all-features \
        --color=always \
@@ -181,7 +169,6 @@ group = "tests"
 script = """
 cargo test \
    --workspace \
-    --profile test \
    --all-targets \
    --color=always \
    -- \
@@ -197,12 +184,6 @@ cargo test \
 name = "nix-default"
 group = "tests"
 script = """
-env DIRENV_DEVSHELL=dynamic \
-    CARGO_PROFILE="test" \
-    direnv exec . \
-    bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#default-test
-env DIRENV_DEVSHELL=dynamic \
-    CARGO_PROFILE="test" \
-    direnv exec . \
-    nix run -L .#default-test -- --help && nix run -L .#default-test -- --version
+bin/nix-build-and-cache just .#default
+nix run -L .#default -- --help
 """
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
        "nixpkgs-stable": "nixpkgs-stable"
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720542474,
-        "narHash": "sha256-aKjJ/4l2I9+wNGTaOGRsuS3M1+IoTibqgEMPDikXm04=",
+        "lastModified": 1717279440,
+        "narHash": "sha256-kH04ReTjxOpQumgWnqy40vvQLSnLGxWP6RF3nq5Esrk=",
        "owner": "zhaofengli",
        "repo": "attic",
-        "rev": "6139576a3ce6bb992e0f6c3022528ec233e45f00",
+        "rev": "717cc95983cdc357bc347d70be20ced21f935843",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@
    "complement": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720637557,
-        "narHash": "sha256-oZz6nCmFmdJZpC+K1iOG2KkzTI6rlAmndxANPDVU7X0=",
+        "lastModified": 1719903368,
+        "narHash": "sha256-PPzgxM4Bir+Zh9FUV/v+RBxEYeJxYVmi/BYo3uqt268=",
        "owner": "matrix-org",
        "repo": "complement",
-        "rev": "0d14432e010482ea9e13a6f7c47c1533c0c9d62f",
+        "rev": "bc97f1ddc1cd7485faf80c8935ee2641f3e1b57c",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@
        ]
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720546058,
-        "narHash": "sha256-iU2yVaPIZm5vMGdlT0+57vdB/aPq/V5oZFBRwYw+HBM=",
+        "lastModified": 1720226507,
+        "narHash": "sha256-yHVvNsgrpyNTXZBEokL8uyB2J6gB1wEx0KOJzoeZi1A=",
        "owner": "ipetkov",
        "repo": "crane",
-        "rev": "2d83156f23c43598cf44e152c33a59d3892f8b29",
+        "rev": "0aed560c5c0a61c9385bddff471a13036203e11c",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@
        "rust-analyzer-src": "rust-analyzer-src"
      },
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720852044,
-        "narHash": "sha256-3NBYz8VuXuKU+8ONd9NFafCNjPEGHIZQ2Mdoam1a4mY=",
+        "lastModified": 1720420198,
+        "narHash": "sha256-OIuDb6pHDyGpo7YMFyuRzMLcHm7mRvlYOz0Ht7ps2sU=",
        "owner": "nix-community",
        "repo": "fenix",
-        "rev": "5087b12a595ee73131a944d922f24d81dae05725",
+        "rev": "abc0549e3560189462a7d394cc9d50af4608d103",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -381,11 +381,11 @@
    "liburing": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720798442,
-        "narHash": "sha256-gtPppAoksMLW4GuruQ36nf4EAqIA1Bs6V9Xcx8dBxrQ=",
+        "lastModified": 1719025212,
+        "narHash": "sha256-kD0yhjNStqC6uFqC1AxBwUpc/HlSFtiKrV+gwDyroDc=",
        "owner": "axboe",
        "repo": "liburing",
-        "rev": "1d674f83b7d0f07553ac44d99a401b05853d9dbe",
+        "rev": "7b3245583069bd481190c9da18f22e9fc8c3a805",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -606,11 +606,11 @@
    },
    "nixpkgs_4": {
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720768451,
-        "narHash": "sha256-EYekUHJE2gxeo2pM/zM9Wlqw1Uw2XTJXOSAO79ksc4Y=",
+        "lastModified": 1720418205,
+        "narHash": "sha256-cPJoFPXU44GlhWg4pUk9oUPqurPlCFZ11ZQPk21GTPU=",
        "owner": "NixOS",
        "repo": "nixpkgs",
-        "rev": "7e7c39ea35c5cdd002cd4588b03a3fb9ece6fad9",
+        "rev": "655a58a72a6601292512670343087c2d75d859c1",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -673,16 +673,16 @@
    "rocksdb": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720900786,
-        "narHash": "sha256-Vta9Um/RRuWwZ46BjXftV06iWLm/j/9MX39emXUvSAY=",
+        "lastModified": 1719949653,
+        "narHash": "sha256-DYx7XHH2GEh17GukKhXs6laM6l+eugCmRkF0adpi9wk=",
        "owner": "girlbossceo",
        "repo": "rocksdb",
-        "rev": "911f4243e69c2e320a7a209bf1f5f3ff5f825495",
+        "rev": "a935c0273e1ba44eacf88ce3685a9b9831486155",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
        "owner": "girlbossceo",
-        "ref": "v9.4.0",
+        "ref": "v9.3.1",
        "repo": "rocksdb",
        "type": "github"
      }
@@ -705,11 +705,11 @@
    "rust-analyzer-src": {
      "flake": false,
      "locked": {
-        "lastModified": 1720717809,
-        "narHash": "sha256-6I+fm+nTLF/iaj7ffiFGlSY7POmubwUaPA/Wq0Bm53M=",
+        "lastModified": 1720344064,
+        "narHash": "sha256-STmaV9Zu74QtkGGrbr9uMhskwagfCjJqOAYapXabiuk=",
        "owner": "rust-lang",
        "repo": "rust-analyzer",
-        "rev": "ffbc5ad993d5cd2f3b8bcf9a511165470944ab91",
+        "rev": "a5b21ea0aa644dffd7cf958b43f11f221d53404e",
        "type": "github"
      },
      "original": {
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
    flake-utils.url = "github:numtide/flake-utils?ref=main";
    nix-filter.url = "github:numtide/nix-filter?ref=main";
    nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs?ref=nixos-unstable";
-    rocksdb = { url = "github:girlbossceo/rocksdb?ref=v9.4.0"; flake = false; };
+    # https://github.com/girlbossceo/rocksdb/commit/db6df0b185774778457dabfcbd822cb81760cade
+    rocksdb = { url = "github:girlbossceo/rocksdb?ref=v9.3.1"; flake = false; };
    liburing = { url = "github:axboe/liburing?ref=master"; flake = false; };
  };

@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@
        file = ./rust-toolchain.toml;

        # See also `rust-toolchain.toml`
-        sha256 = "sha256-6eN/GKzjVSjEhGO9FhWObkRFaE1Jf+uqMSdQnb8lcB4=";
+        sha256 = "sha256-+syqAd2kX8KVa8/U2gz3blIQTTsYYt3U63xBWaGOSc8";
      };

      mkScope = pkgs: pkgs.lib.makeScope pkgs.newScope (self: {
@@ -44,34 +45,10 @@
          # we have this already at https://github.com/girlbossceo/rocksdb/commit/a935c0273e1ba44eacf88ce3685a9b9831486155
          # unsetting this so i don't have to revert it and make this nix exclusive
          patches = [];
-          cmakeFlags = pkgs.lib.subtractLists
-            [
          # no real reason to have snappy, no one uses this
-              "-DWITH_SNAPPY=1"
-              # we dont need to use ldb or sst_dump (core_tools)
-              "-DWITH_CORE_TOOLS=1"
-              # we dont need to build rocksdb tests
-              "-DWITH_TESTS=1"
-              # we use rust-rocksdb via C interface and dont need C++ RTTI
-              "-DUSE_RTTI=1"
-            ]
-            old.cmakeFlags
-            ++ [
-              # we dont need to use ldb or sst_dump (core_tools)
-              "-DWITH_CORE_TOOLS=0"
-              # we dont need trace tools
-              "-DWITH_TRACE_TOOLS=0"
-              # we dont need to build rocksdb tests
-              "-DWITH_TESTS=0"
-              # we use rust-rocksdb via C interface and dont need C++ RTTI
-              "-DUSE_RTTI=0"
-            ];
-
-          # outputs has "tools" which we dont need or use
-          outputs = [ "out" ];
-
-          # preInstall hooks has stuff for messing with ldb/sst_dump which we dont need or use
-          preInstall = "";
+          cmakeFlags = pkgs.lib.subtractLists
+            [ "-DWITH_SNAPPY=1" ]
+            old.cmakeFlags;
        });
        # TODO: remove once https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/314945 is available
        liburing = pkgs.liburing.overrideAttrs (old: {
@@ -119,9 +96,6 @@
          # Needed for producing Debian packages
          cargo-deb

-          # Needed for CI to check validity of produced Debian packages (dpkg-deb)
-          dpkg
-
          # Needed for Complement
          go

@@ -136,8 +110,6 @@

          # Useful for editing the book locally
          mdbook
-
-          sccache
        ])
        ++ scope.main.buildInputs
        ++ scope.main.propagatedBuildInputs
@@ -149,35 +121,10 @@
    {
      packages = {
        default = scopeHost.main;
-        default-debug = scopeHost.main.override {
-            profile = "dev";
-            # debug build users expect full logs
-            disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-        };
-        default-test = scopeHost.main.override {
-            profile = "test";
-            disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-        };
        all-features = scopeHost.main.override {
            all_features = true;
-            disable_features = [
            # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                "hardened_malloc"
-                # dont include experimental features
-                "experimental"
-            ];
-        };
-        all-features-debug = scopeHost.main.override {
-            profile = "dev";
-            all_features = true;
-            # debug build users expect full logs
-            disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-            disable_features = [
-                # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                "hardened_malloc"
-                # dont include experimental features
-                "experimental"
-            ];
+            disable_features = ["hardened_malloc"];
        };
        hmalloc = scopeHost.main.override { features = ["hardened_malloc"]; };

@@ -185,26 +132,8 @@
        oci-image-all-features = scopeHost.oci-image.override {
          main = scopeHost.main.override {
            all_features = true;
-            disable_features = [
            # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                "hardened_malloc"
-                # dont include experimental features
-                "experimental"
-            ];
-          };
-        };
-        oci-image-all-features-debug = scopeHost.oci-image.override {
-          main = scopeHost.main.override {
-            profile = "dev";
-            all_features = true;
-            # debug build users expect full logs
-            disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-            disable_features = [
-                # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                "hardened_malloc"
-                # dont include experimental features
-                "experimental"
-            ];
+            disable_features = ["hardened_malloc"];
          };
        };
        oci-image-hmalloc = scopeHost.oci-image.override {
@@ -241,54 +170,13 @@
                  value = scopeCrossStatic.main;
                }

-                # An output for a statically-linked unstripped debug ("dev") binary
-                {
-                  name = "${binaryName}-debug";
-                  value = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
-                    profile = "dev";
-                    # debug build users expect full logs
-                    disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-                  };
-                }
-
-                # An output for a statically-linked unstripped debug binary with the
-                # "test" profile (for CI usage only)
-                {
-                  name = "${binaryName}-test";
-                  value = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
-                    profile = "test";
-                    disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-                  };
-                }
-
                # An output for a statically-linked binary with `--all-features`
                {
                  name = "${binaryName}-all-features";
                  value = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
                    all_features = true;
-                    disable_features = [
                    # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                        "hardened_malloc"
-                        # dont include experimental features
-                        "experimental"
-                    ];
-                  };
-                }
-
-                # An output for a statically-linked unstripped debug ("dev") binary with `--all-features`
-                {
-                  name = "${binaryName}-all-features-debug";
-                  value = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
-                    profile = "dev";
-                    all_features = true;
-                    # debug build users expect full logs
-                    disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-                    disable_features = [
-                        # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                        "hardened_malloc"
-                        # dont include experimental features
-                        "experimental"
-                    ];
+                    disable_features = ["hardened_malloc"];
                  };
                }

@@ -306,49 +194,14 @@
                  value = scopeCrossStatic.oci-image;
                }

-                # An output for an OCI image based on that unstripped debug ("dev") binary
-                {
-                  name = "oci-image-${crossSystem}-debug";
-                  value = scopeCrossStatic.oci-image.override {
-                    main = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
-                        profile = "dev";
-                        # debug build users expect full logs
-                        disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-                    };
-                  };
-                }
-
                # An output for an OCI image based on that binary with `--all-features`
                {
                  name = "oci-image-${crossSystem}-all-features";
                  value = scopeCrossStatic.oci-image.override {
                    main = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
                      all_features = true;
-                      disable_features = [
                      # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                          "hardened_malloc"
-                          # dont include experimental features
-                          "experimental"
-                      ];
-                    };
-                  };
-                }
-
-                # An output for an OCI image based on that unstripped debug ("dev") binary with `--all-features`
-                {
-                  name = "oci-image-${crossSystem}-all-features-debug";
-                  value = scopeCrossStatic.oci-image.override {
-                    main = scopeCrossStatic.main.override {
-                        profile = "dev";
-                        all_features = true;
-                        # debug build users expect full logs
-                        disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-                        disable_features = [
-                            # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                            "hardened_malloc"
-                            # dont include experimental features
-                            "experimental"
-                        ];
+                      disable_features = ["hardened_malloc"];
                    };
                  };
                }
@@ -376,12 +229,8 @@
        (scopeHostStatic.overrideScope (final: prev: {
          main = prev.main.override {
            all_features = true;
-            disable_features = [
            # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-                "hardened_malloc"
-                # dont include experimental features
-                "experimental"
-            ];
+            disable_features = ["hardened_malloc"];
        };
        }));
      devShells.no-features = mkDevShell
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ yes_i_am_very_very_sure_i_want_an_open_registration_server_prone_to_abuse = true
 ip_range_denylist = []
 url_preview_domain_contains_allowlist = ["*"]
 media_compat_file_link = false
-media_startup_check = false
+media_statup_check = false
 rocksdb_direct_io = false

 [global.tls]
@@ -14,15 +14,8 @@

 let
  main' = main.override {
-    profile = "test";
-    all_features = true;
-    disable_release_max_log_level = true;
-    disable_features = [
-        # this is non-functional on nix for some reason
-        "hardened_malloc"
-        # dont include experimental features
-        "experimental"
-    ];
+    profile = "dev";
+    features = ["axum_dual_protocol"];
  };

  start = writeShellScriptBin "start" ''
@@ -13,12 +13,6 @@ lib.optionalAttrs stdenv.hostPlatform.isStatic {
    lib.concatStringsSep
      " "
      ([]
-        ++ lib.optionals
-          stdenv.targetPlatform.isx86_64
-          [ "-C" "target-cpu=x86-64-v2" ]
-        ++ lib.optionals
-          stdenv.targetPlatform.isAarch64
-          [ "-C" "target-cpu=cortex-a55" ] # cortex-a55 == ARMv8.2-a
        # This disables PIE for static builds, which isn't great in terms
        # of security. Unfortunately, my hand is forced because nixpkgs'
        # `libstdc++.a` is built without `-fPIE`, which precludes us from
@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ rust-jemalloc-sys' = (rust-jemalloc-sys.override {
  unprefixed = true;
 }).overrideAttrs (old: {
  configureFlags = old.configureFlags ++
-    # we dont need docs
-    [ "--disable-doc" ] ++
-    # we dont need cxx/C++ integration
-    [ "--disable-cxx" ] ++
    # tikv-jemalloc-sys/profiling feature
    lib.optional (featureEnabled "jemalloc_prof") "--enable-prof";
 });
@@ -75,29 +71,10 @@ buildDepsOnlyEnv =
      # which breaks Darwin entirely
      enableLiburing = enableLiburing;
    }).overrideAttrs (old: {
-      # TODO: static rocksdb fails to build on darwin, also see <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/320448>
+      # TODO: static rocksdb fails to build on darwin
      # build log at <https://girlboss.ceo/~strawberry/pb/JjGH>
      meta.broken = stdenv.hostPlatform.isStatic && stdenv.isDarwin;
-
      enableLiburing = enableLiburing;
-
-      sse42Support = stdenv.targetPlatform.isx86_64;
-
-      cmakeFlags = if stdenv.targetPlatform.isx86_64
-        then lib.subtractLists [ "-DPORTABLE=1" ] old.cmakeFlags
-        ++ lib.optionals stdenv.targetPlatform.isx86_64 [
-          "-DPORTABLE=x86-64-v2"
-          "-DUSE_SSE=1"
-          "-DHAVE_SSE=1"
-          "-DHAVE_SSE42=1"
-        ]
-        else if stdenv.targetPlatform.isAarch64
-        then lib.subtractLists [ "-DPORTABLE=1" ] old.cmakeFlags
-        ++ lib.optionals stdenv.targetPlatform.isAarch64 [
-          # cortex-a55 == ARMv8.2-a
-          "-DPORTABLE=armv8.2-a"
-        ]
-        else old.cmakeFlags;
    });
  in
  {
@@ -124,11 +101,7 @@ buildPackageEnv = {
  # Only needed in static stdenv because these are transitive dependencies of rocksdb
  CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS = buildDepsOnlyEnv.CARGO_BUILD_RUSTFLAGS
    + lib.optionalString (enableLiburing && stdenv.hostPlatform.isStatic)
-      " -L${lib.getLib liburing}/lib -luring"
-    + lib.optionalString stdenv.targetPlatform.isx86_64
-      " -Ctarget-cpu=x86-64-v2"
-    + lib.optionalString stdenv.targetPlatform.isAarch64
-      " -Ctarget-cpu=cortex-a55"; # cortex-a55 == ARMv8.2-a
+      " -L${lib.getLib liburing}/lib -luring";
 };


@@ -153,8 +126,6 @@ commonAttrs = {
      ];
    };

-    dontStrip = profile == "dev" || profile == "test";
-
    buildInputs = lib.optional (featureEnabled "jemalloc") rust-jemalloc-sys';

    nativeBuildInputs = [
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 # If you're having trouble making the relevant changes, bug a maintainer.

 [toolchain]
-channel = "1.80.0"
+channel = "1.77.0"
 components = [
    # For rust-analyzer
    "rust-src",
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ release_max_log_level = [
 clap.workspace = true
 conduit-api.workspace = true
 conduit-core.workspace = true
-conduit-macros.workspace = true
 conduit-service.workspace = true
 const-str.workspace = true
 futures-util.workspace = true
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-use clap::Parser;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;
-
-use crate::{
-	appservice, appservice::AppserviceCommand, check, check::CheckCommand, command::Command, debug,
-	debug::DebugCommand, federation, federation::FederationCommand, media, media::MediaCommand, query,
-	query::QueryCommand, room, room::RoomCommand, server, server::ServerCommand, user, user::UserCommand,
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Parser)]
-#[command(name = "admin", version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))]
-pub(super) enum AdminCommand {
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing appservices
-	Appservices(AppserviceCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing local users
-	Users(UserCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing rooms
-	Rooms(RoomCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing federation
-	Federation(FederationCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing the server
-	Server(ServerCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for managing media
-	Media(MediaCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for checking integrity
-	Check(CheckCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Commands for debugging things
-	Debug(DebugCommand),
-
-	#[command(subcommand)]
-	/// - Low-level queries for database getters and iterators
-	Query(QueryCommand),
-}
-
-#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, name = "command")]
-pub(super) async fn process(command: AdminCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	use AdminCommand::*;
-
-	Ok(match command {
-		Appservices(command) => appservice::process(command, context).await?,
-		Media(command) => media::process(command, context).await?,
-		Users(command) => user::process(command, context).await?,
-		Rooms(command) => room::process(command, context).await?,
-		Federation(command) => federation::process(command, context).await?,
-		Server(command) => server::process(command, context).await?,
-		Debug(command) => debug::process(command, context).await?,
-		Query(command) => query::process(command, context).await?,
-		Check(command) => check::process(command, context).await?,
-	})
-}
@@ -1,20 +1,18 @@
 use ruma::{api::appservice::Registration, events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent};

-use crate::{admin_command, Result};
+use crate::{services, Result};

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn register(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn register(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let appservice_config = self.body[1..self.body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
+	let appservice_config = body[1..body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
 	let parsed_config = serde_yaml::from_str::<Registration>(&appservice_config);
 	match parsed_config {
-		Ok(yaml) => match self.services.appservice.register_appservice(yaml).await {
+		Ok(yaml) => match services().appservice.register_appservice(yaml).await {
 			Ok(id) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 				"Appservice registered with ID: {id}."
 			))),
@@ -28,10 +26,8 @@ pub(super) async fn register(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn unregister(&self, appservice_identifier: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	match self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn unregister(_body: Vec<&str>, appservice_identifier: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match services()
 		.appservice
 		.unregister_appservice(&appservice_identifier)
 		.await
@@ -43,10 +39,8 @@ pub(super) async fn unregister(&self, appservice_identifier: String) -> Result<R
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn show_appservice_config(&self, appservice_identifier: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	match self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn show(_body: Vec<&str>, appservice_identifier: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match services()
 		.appservice
 		.get_registration(&appservice_identifier)
 		.await
@@ -60,9 +54,8 @@ pub(super) async fn show_appservice_config(&self, appservice_identifier: String)
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_registered(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let appservices = self.services.appservice.iter_ids().await;
+pub(super) async fn list(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let appservices = services().appservice.iter_ids().await;
 	let output = format!("Appservices ({}): {}", appservices.len(), appservices.join(", "));
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(output))
 }
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ mod commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-#[admin_command_dispatch]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum AppserviceCommand {
 	/// - Register an appservice using its registration YAML
 	///
@@ -28,13 +29,24 @@ pub(super) enum AppserviceCommand {
 	/// - Show an appservice's config using its ID
 	///
 	/// You can find the ID using the `list-appservices` command.
-	#[clap(alias("show"))]
-	ShowAppserviceConfig {
+	Show {
 		/// The appservice to show
 		appservice_identifier: String,
 	},

 	/// - List all the currently registered appservices
-	#[clap(alias("list"))]
-	ListRegistered,
+	List,
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: AppserviceCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		AppserviceCommand::Register => register(body).await?,
+		AppserviceCommand::Unregister {
+			appservice_identifier,
+		} => unregister(body, appservice_identifier).await?,
+		AppserviceCommand::Show {
+			appservice_identifier,
+		} => show(body, appservice_identifier).await?,
+		AppserviceCommand::List => list(body).await?,
+	})
 }
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 use conduit::Result;
-use conduit_macros::implement;
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
+use crate::services;

 /// Uses the iterator in `src/database/key_value/users.rs` to iterator over
 /// every user in our database (remote and local). Reports total count, any
 /// errors if there were any, etc
-#[implement(Command, params = "<'_>")]
-pub(super) async fn check_all_users(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn check_all_users(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-	let results = self.services.users.db.iter();
+	let results = services().users.db.iter();
 	let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 	let users = results.collect::<Vec<_>>();
@@ -4,15 +4,16 @@ use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum CheckCommand {
 	AllUsers,
 }

-pub(super) async fn process(command: CheckCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn process(command: CheckCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	Ok(match command {
-		CheckCommand::AllUsers => context.check_all_users().await?,
+		CheckCommand::AllUsers => check_all_users(body).await?,
 	})
 }
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-use service::Services;
-
-pub(crate) struct Command<'a> {
-	pub(crate) services: &'a Services,
-	pub(crate) body: &'a [&'a str],
-}
@@ -1,37 +1,33 @@
 use std::{
 	collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap},
-	fmt::Write,
 	sync::{Arc, Mutex},
-	time::{Instant, SystemTime},
+	time::Instant,
 };

 use api::client::validate_and_add_event_id;
 use conduit::{
-	debug, debug_error, err, info, log,
+	debug, info, log,
 	log::{capture, Capture},
-	utils, warn, Error, PduEvent, Result,
+	warn, Error, Result,
 };
 use ruma::{
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::event::get_room_state},
 	events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent,
 	CanonicalJsonObject, EventId, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, RoomId, RoomVersionId, ServerName,
 };
+use service::{rooms::event_handler::parse_incoming_pdu, sending::resolve_actual_dest, services, PduEvent};
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter;

-use crate::admin_command;
-
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn echo(&self, message: Vec<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn echo(_body: Vec<&str>, message: Vec<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let message = message.join(" ");

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(message))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn get_auth_chain(&self, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn get_auth_chain(_body: Vec<&str>, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let event_id = Arc::<EventId>::from(event_id);
-	if let Some(event) = self.services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)? {
+	if let Some(event) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)? {
 		let room_id_str = event
 			.get("room_id")
 			.and_then(|val| val.as_str())
@@ -39,16 +35,13 @@ pub(super) async fn get_auth_chain(&self, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<Room

 		let room_id = <&RoomId>::try_from(room_id_str)
 			.map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Invalid room id field in event in database"))?;
-
 		let start = Instant::now();
-		let count = self
-			.services
+		let count = services()
 			.rooms
 			.auth_chain
 			.event_ids_iter(room_id, vec![event_id])
 			.await?
 			.count();
-
 		let elapsed = start.elapsed();
 		Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 			"Loaded auth chain with length {count} in {elapsed:?}"
@@ -58,16 +51,14 @@ pub(super) async fn get_auth_chain(&self, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<Room
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn parse_pdu(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn parse_pdu(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let string = self.body[1..self.body.len().saturating_sub(1)].join("\n");
+	let string = body[1..body.len().saturating_sub(1)].join("\n");
 	match serde_json::from_str(&string) {
 		Ok(value) => match ruma::signatures::reference_hash(&value, &RoomVersionId::V6) {
 			Ok(hash) => {
@@ -88,17 +79,15 @@ pub(super) async fn parse_pdu(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn get_pdu(&self, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn get_pdu(_body: Vec<&str>, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let mut outlier = false;
-	let mut pdu_json = self
-		.services
+	let mut pdu_json = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_non_outlier_pdu_json(&event_id)?;
 	if pdu_json.is_none() {
 		outlier = true;
-		pdu_json = self.services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)?;
+		pdu_json = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)?;
 	}
 	match pdu_json {
 		Some(json) => {
@@ -117,42 +106,38 @@ pub(super) async fn get_pdu(&self, event_id: Box<EventId>) -> Result<RoomMessage
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu_list(
-	&self, server: Box<ServerName>, force: bool,
+	body: Vec<&str>, server: Box<ServerName>, force: bool,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self.services.globals.config.allow_federation {
+	if !services().globals.config.allow_federation {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Federation is disabled on this homeserver.",
 		));
 	}

-	if server == self.services.globals.server_name() {
+	if server == services().globals.server_name() {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to send federation requests to ourselves. Please use `get-pdu` for fetching local PDUs from \
 			 the database.",
 		));
 	}

-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let list = self
-		.body
-		.iter()
-		.collect::<Vec<_>>()
-		.drain(1..self.body.len().saturating_sub(1))
+	let list = body
+		.clone()
+		.drain(1..body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap())
 		.filter_map(|pdu| EventId::parse(pdu).ok())
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	for pdu in list {
 		if force {
-			if let Err(e) = self.get_remote_pdu(Box::from(pdu), server.clone()).await {
-				self.services
+			if let Err(e) = get_remote_pdu(Vec::new(), Box::from(pdu), server.clone()).await {
+				services()
 					.admin
 					.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 						"Failed to get remote PDU, ignoring error: {e}"
@@ -161,31 +146,29 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu_list(
 				warn!(%e, "Failed to get remote PDU, ignoring error");
 			}
 		} else {
-			self.get_remote_pdu(Box::from(pdu), server.clone()).await?;
+			get_remote_pdu(Vec::new(), Box::from(pdu), server.clone()).await?;
 		}
 	}

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Fetched list of remote PDUs."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(
-	&self, event_id: Box<EventId>, server: Box<ServerName>,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, event_id: Box<EventId>, server: Box<ServerName>,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self.services.globals.config.allow_federation {
+	if !services().globals.config.allow_federation {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Federation is disabled on this homeserver.",
 		));
 	}

-	if server == self.services.globals.server_name() {
+	if server == services().globals.server_name() {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to send federation requests to ourselves. Please use `get-pdu` for fetching local PDUs.",
 		));
 	}

-	match self
-		.services
+	match services()
 		.sending
 		.send_federation_request(
 			&server,
@@ -206,11 +189,7 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(

 			debug!("Attempting to parse PDU: {:?}", &response.pdu);
 			let parsed_pdu = {
-				let parsed_result = self
-					.services
-					.rooms
-					.event_handler
-					.parse_incoming_pdu(&response.pdu);
+				let parsed_result = parse_incoming_pdu(&response.pdu);
 				let (event_id, value, room_id) = match parsed_result {
 					Ok(t) => t,
 					Err(e) => {
@@ -228,8 +207,9 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(
 			let pub_key_map = RwLock::new(BTreeMap::new());

 			debug!("Attempting to fetch homeserver signing keys for {server}");
-			self.services
-				.server_keys
+			services()
+				.rooms
+				.event_handler
 				.fetch_required_signing_keys(parsed_pdu.iter().map(|(_event_id, event, _room_id)| event), &pub_key_map)
 				.await
 				.unwrap_or_else(|e| {
@@ -237,7 +217,7 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(
 				});

 			info!("Attempting to handle event ID {event_id} as backfilled PDU");
-			self.services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.backfill_pdu(&server, response.pdu, &pub_key_map)
@@ -256,11 +236,9 @@ pub(super) async fn get_remote_pdu(
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn get_room_state(&self, room: OwnedRoomOrAliasId) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let room_id = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve(&room).await?;
-	let room_state = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn get_room_state(_body: Vec<&str>, room: OwnedRoomOrAliasId) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let room_id = services().rooms.alias.resolve(&room).await?;
+	let room_state = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_full(&room_id)
@@ -285,9 +263,8 @@ pub(super) async fn get_room_state(&self, room: OwnedRoomOrAliasId) -> Result<Ro
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!("```json\n{json}\n```")))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn ping(&self, server: Box<ServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if server == self.services.globals.server_name() {
+pub(super) async fn ping(_body: Vec<&str>, server: Box<ServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if server == services().globals.server_name() {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to send federation requests to ourselves.",
 		));
@@ -295,8 +272,7 @@ pub(super) async fn ping(&self, server: Box<ServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEv

 	let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();

-	match self
-		.services
+	match services()
 		.sending
 		.send_federation_request(&server, ruma::api::federation::discovery::get_server_version::v1::Request {})
 		.await
@@ -325,23 +301,23 @@ pub(super) async fn ping(&self, server: Box<ServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEv
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn force_device_list_updates(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn force_device_list_updates(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// Force E2EE device list updates for all users
-	for user_id in self.services.users.iter().filter_map(Result::ok) {
-		self.services.users.mark_device_key_update(&user_id)?;
+	for user_id in services().users.iter().filter_map(Result::ok) {
+		services().users.mark_device_key_update(&user_id)?;
 	}
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 		"Marked all devices for all users as having new keys to update",
 	))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn change_log_level(&self, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn change_log_level(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let handles = &["console"];

 	if reset {
-		let old_filter_layer = match EnvFilter::try_new(&self.services.globals.config.log) {
+		let old_filter_layer = match EnvFilter::try_new(&services().globals.config.log) {
 			Ok(s) => s,
 			Err(e) => {
 				return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
@@ -350,8 +326,7 @@ pub(super) async fn change_log_level(&self, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool)
 			},
 		};

-		match self
-			.services
+		match services()
 			.server
 			.log
 			.reload
@@ -360,7 +335,7 @@ pub(super) async fn change_log_level(&self, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool)
 			Ok(()) => {
 				return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 					"Successfully changed log level back to config value {}",
-					self.services.globals.config.log
+					services().globals.config.log
 				)));
 			},
 			Err(e) => {
@@ -381,8 +356,7 @@ pub(super) async fn change_log_level(&self, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool)
 			},
 		};

-		match self
-			.services
+		match services()
 			.server
 			.log
 			.reload
@@ -402,21 +376,19 @@ pub(super) async fn change_log_level(&self, filter: Option<String>, reset: bool)
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("No log level was specified."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn sign_json(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn sign_json(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let string = self.body[1..self.body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
+	let string = body[1..body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
 	match serde_json::from_str(&string) {
 		Ok(mut value) => {
 			ruma::signatures::sign_json(
-				self.services.globals.server_name().as_str(),
-				self.services.globals.keypair(),
+				services().globals.server_name().as_str(),
+				services().globals.keypair(),
 				&mut value,
 			)
 			.expect("our request json is what ruma expects");
@@ -427,22 +399,21 @@ pub(super) async fn sign_json(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn verify_json(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn verify_json(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let string = self.body[1..self.body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
+	let string = body[1..body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap()].join("\n");
 	match serde_json::from_str(&string) {
 		Ok(value) => {
 			let pub_key_map = RwLock::new(BTreeMap::new());

-			self.services
-				.server_keys
+			services()
+				.rooms
+				.event_handler
 				.fetch_required_signing_keys([&value], &pub_key_map)
 				.await?;

@@ -458,22 +429,19 @@ pub(super) async fn verify_json(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-#[tracing::instrument(skip(self))]
-pub(super) async fn first_pdu_in_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self
-		.services
+#[tracing::instrument(skip(_body))]
+pub(super) async fn first_pdu_in_room(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.server_in_room(&self.services.globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
+		.server_in_room(&services().globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
 	{
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"We are not participating in the room / we don't know about the room ID.",
 		));
 	}

-	let first_pdu = self
-		.services
+	let first_pdu = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.first_pdu_in_room(&room_id)?
@@ -482,22 +450,19 @@ pub(super) async fn first_pdu_in_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<Roo
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("{first_pdu:?}")))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-#[tracing::instrument(skip(self))]
-pub(super) async fn latest_pdu_in_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self
-		.services
+#[tracing::instrument(skip(_body))]
+pub(super) async fn latest_pdu_in_room(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.server_in_room(&self.services.globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
+		.server_in_room(&services().globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
 	{
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"We are not participating in the room / we don't know about the room ID.",
 		));
 	}

-	let latest_pdu = self
-		.services
+	let latest_pdu = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.latest_pdu_in_room(&room_id)?
@@ -506,36 +471,32 @@ pub(super) async fn latest_pdu_in_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<Ro
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("{latest_pdu:?}")))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-#[tracing::instrument(skip(self))]
+#[tracing::instrument(skip(_body))]
 pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
-	&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>, server_name: Box<ServerName>,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, server_name: Box<ServerName>, room_id: Box<RoomId>,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self
-		.services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
-		.server_in_room(&self.services.globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
+		.server_in_room(&services().globals.config.server_name, &room_id)?
 	{
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"We are not participating in the room / we don't know about the room ID.",
 		));
 	}

-	let first_pdu = self
-		.services
+	let first_pdu = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.latest_pdu_in_room(&room_id)?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("Failed to find the latest PDU in database"))?;

-	let room_version = self.services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&room_id)?;
+	let room_version = services().rooms.state.get_room_version(&room_id)?;

 	let mut state: HashMap<u64, Arc<EventId>> = HashMap::new();
 	let pub_key_map = RwLock::new(BTreeMap::new());

-	let remote_state_response = self
-		.services
+	let remote_state_response = services()
 		.sending
 		.send_federation_request(
 			&server_name,
@@ -549,7 +510,7 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 	let mut events = Vec::with_capacity(remote_state_response.pdus.len());

 	for pdu in remote_state_response.pdus.clone() {
-		events.push(match self.services.rooms.event_handler.parse_incoming_pdu(&pdu) {
+		events.push(match parse_incoming_pdu(&pdu) {
 			Ok(t) => t,
 			Err(e) => {
 				warn!("Could not parse PDU, ignoring: {e}");
@@ -559,8 +520,9 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 	}

 	info!("Fetching required signing keys for all the state events we got");
-	self.services
-		.server_keys
+	services()
+		.rooms
+		.event_handler
 		.fetch_required_signing_keys(events.iter().map(|(_event_id, event, _room_id)| event), &pub_key_map)
 		.await?;

@@ -568,24 +530,23 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 	for result in remote_state_response
 		.pdus
 		.iter()
-		.map(|pdu| validate_and_add_event_id(self.services, pdu, &room_version, &pub_key_map))
+		.map(|pdu| validate_and_add_event_id(pdu, &room_version, &pub_key_map))
 	{
 		let Ok((event_id, value)) = result.await else {
 			continue;
 		};

 		let pdu = PduEvent::from_id_val(&event_id, value.clone()).map_err(|e| {
-			debug_error!("Invalid PDU in fetching remote room state PDUs response: {value:#?}");
-			err!(BadServerResponse(debug_error!("Invalid PDU in send_join response: {e:?}")))
+			warn!("Invalid PDU in fetching remote room state PDUs response: {} {:?}", e, value);
+			Error::BadServerResponse("Invalid PDU in send_join response.")
 		})?;

-		self.services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.outlier
 			.add_pdu_outlier(&event_id, &value)?;
 		if let Some(state_key) = &pdu.state_key {
-			let shortstatekey = self
-				.services
+			let shortstatekey = services()
 				.rooms
 				.short
 				.get_or_create_shortstatekey(&pdu.kind.to_string().into(), state_key)?;
@@ -597,34 +558,32 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 	for result in remote_state_response
 		.auth_chain
 		.iter()
-		.map(|pdu| validate_and_add_event_id(self.services, pdu, &room_version, &pub_key_map))
+		.map(|pdu| validate_and_add_event_id(pdu, &room_version, &pub_key_map))
 	{
 		let Ok((event_id, value)) = result.await else {
 			continue;
 		};

-		self.services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.outlier
 			.add_pdu_outlier(&event_id, &value)?;
 	}

-	let new_room_state = self
-		.services
+	let new_room_state = services()
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
 		.resolve_state(room_id.clone().as_ref(), &room_version, state)
 		.await?;

 	info!("Forcing new room state");
-	let (short_state_hash, new, removed) = self
-		.services
+	let (short_state_hash, new, removed) = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_compressor
 		.save_state(room_id.clone().as_ref(), new_room_state)?;

-	let state_lock = self.services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&room_id).await;
-	self.services
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&room_id).await;
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.state
 		.force_state(room_id.clone().as_ref(), short_state_hash, new, removed, &state_lock)
@@ -634,10 +593,7 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 		"Updating joined counts for room just in case (e.g. we may have found a difference in the room's \
 		 m.room.member state"
 	);
-	self.services
-		.rooms
-		.state_cache
-		.update_joined_count(&room_id)?;
+	services().rooms.state_cache.update_joined_count(&room_id)?;

 	drop(state_lock);

@@ -646,63 +602,16 @@ pub(super) async fn force_set_room_state_from_server(
 	))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn get_signing_keys(
-	&self, server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>, _cached: bool,
-) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let server_name = server_name.unwrap_or_else(|| self.services.server.config.server_name.clone().into());
-	let signing_keys = self.services.globals.signing_keys_for(&server_name)?;
-
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
-		"```rs\n{signing_keys:#?}\n```"
-	)))
-}
-
-#[admin_command]
-#[allow(dead_code)]
-pub(super) async fn get_verify_keys(
-	&self, server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>, cached: bool,
-) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let server_name = server_name.unwrap_or_else(|| self.services.server.config.server_name.clone().into());
-	let mut out = String::new();
-
-	if cached {
-		writeln!(out, "| Key ID | VerifyKey |")?;
-		writeln!(out, "| --- | --- |")?;
-		for (key_id, verify_key) in self.services.globals.verify_keys_for(&server_name)? {
-			writeln!(out, "| {key_id} | {verify_key:?} |")?;
-		}
-
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(out));
-	}
-
-	let signature_ids: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
-	let keys = self
-		.services
-		.server_keys
-		.fetch_signing_keys_for_server(&server_name, signature_ids)
-		.await?;
-
-	writeln!(out, "| Key ID | Public Key |")?;
-	writeln!(out, "| --- | --- |")?;
-	for (key_id, key) in keys {
-		writeln!(out, "| {key_id} | {key} |")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(out))
-}
-
-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn resolve_true_destination(
-	&self, server_name: Box<ServerName>, no_cache: bool,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, server_name: Box<ServerName>, no_cache: bool,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if !self.services.globals.config.allow_federation {
+	if !services().globals.config.allow_federation {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Federation is disabled on this homeserver.",
 		));
 	}

-	if server_name == self.services.globals.config.server_name {
+	if server_name == services().globals.config.server_name {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to send federation requests to ourselves. Please use `get-pdu` for fetching local PDUs.",
 		));
@@ -714,16 +623,12 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_true_destination(
 			&& matches!(data.span_name(), "actual" | "well-known" | "srv")
 	};

-	let state = &self.services.server.log.capture;
+	let state = &services().server.log.capture;
 	let logs = Arc::new(Mutex::new(String::new()));
 	let capture = Capture::new(state, Some(filter), capture::fmt_markdown(logs.clone()));

 	let capture_scope = capture.start();
-	let actual = self
-		.services
-		.resolver
-		.resolve_actual_dest(&server_name, !no_cache)
-		.await?;
+	let actual = resolve_actual_dest(&server_name, !no_cache).await?;
 	drop(capture_scope);

 	let msg = format!(
@@ -735,26 +640,23 @@ pub(super) async fn resolve_true_destination(
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(msg))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn memory_stats(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+#[must_use]
+pub(super) fn memory_stats() -> RoomMessageEventContent {
 	let html_body = conduit::alloc::memory_stats();

 	if html_body.is_none() {
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
-			"malloc stats are not supported on your compiled malloc.",
-		));
+		return RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("malloc stats are not supported on your compiled malloc.");
 	}

-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_html(
+	RoomMessageEventContent::text_html(
 		"This command's output can only be viewed by clients that render HTML.".to_owned(),
 		html_body.expect("string result"),
-	))
+	)
 }

 #[cfg(tokio_unstable)]
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn runtime_metrics(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let out = self.services.server.metrics.runtime_metrics().map_or_else(
+pub(super) async fn runtime_metrics(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let out = services().server.metrics.runtime_metrics().map_or_else(
 		|| "Runtime metrics are not available.".to_owned(),
 		|metrics| format!("```rs\n{metrics:#?}\n```"),
 	);
@@ -763,17 +665,15 @@ pub(super) async fn runtime_metrics(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 }

 #[cfg(not(tokio_unstable))]
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn runtime_metrics(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn runtime_metrics(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(
 		"Runtime metrics require building with `tokio_unstable`.",
 	))
 }

 #[cfg(tokio_unstable)]
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn runtime_interval(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let out = self.services.server.metrics.runtime_interval().map_or_else(
+pub(super) async fn runtime_interval(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let out = services().server.metrics.runtime_interval().map_or_else(
 		|| "Runtime metrics are not available.".to_owned(),
 		|metrics| format!("```rs\n{metrics:#?}\n```"),
 	);
@@ -782,40 +682,8 @@ pub(super) async fn runtime_interval(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 }

 #[cfg(not(tokio_unstable))]
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn runtime_interval(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn runtime_interval(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(
 		"Runtime metrics require building with `tokio_unstable`.",
 	))
 }
-
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn time(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let now = SystemTime::now();
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(utils::time::format(now, "%+")))
-}
-
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_dependencies(&self, names: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if names {
-		let out = info::cargo::dependencies_names().join(" ");
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(out));
-	}
-
-	let deps = info::cargo::dependencies();
-	let mut out = String::new();
-	writeln!(out, "| name | version | features |")?;
-	writeln!(out, "| ---- | ------- | -------- |")?;
-	for (name, dep) in deps {
-		let version = dep.try_req().unwrap_or("*");
-		let feats = dep.req_features();
-		let feats = if !feats.is_empty() {
-			feats.join(" ")
-		} else {
-			String::new()
-		};
-		writeln!(out, "{name} | {version} | {feats}")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(out))
-}
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ pub(crate) mod tester;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{EventId, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, RoomId, ServerName};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, EventId, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, RoomId, ServerName};
+use tester::TesterCommand;

-use self::tester::TesterCommand;
-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum DebugCommand {
 	/// - Echo input of admin command
 	Echo {
@@ -76,14 +76,6 @@ pub(super) enum DebugCommand {
 		room_id: OwnedRoomOrAliasId,
 	},

-	/// - Get and display signing keys from local cache or remote server.
-	GetSigningKeys {
-		server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>,
-
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		cached: bool,
-	},
-
 	/// - Sends a federation request to the remote server's
 	///   `/_matrix/federation/v1/version` endpoint and measures the latency it
 	///   took for the server to respond
@@ -175,17 +167,61 @@ pub(super) enum DebugCommand {
 	///   invocation.
 	RuntimeInterval,

-	/// - Print the current time
-	Time,
-
-	/// - List dependencies
-	ListDependencies {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		names: bool,
-	},
-
 	/// - Developer test stubs
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	#[allow(non_snake_case)]
 	Tester(TesterCommand),
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: DebugCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		DebugCommand::Echo {
+			message,
+		} => echo(body, message).await?,
+		DebugCommand::GetAuthChain {
+			event_id,
+		} => get_auth_chain(body, event_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::ParsePdu => parse_pdu(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::GetPdu {
+			event_id,
+		} => get_pdu(body, event_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::GetRemotePdu {
+			event_id,
+			server,
+		} => get_remote_pdu(body, event_id, server).await?,
+		DebugCommand::GetRoomState {
+			room_id,
+		} => get_room_state(body, room_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::Ping {
+			server,
+		} => ping(body, server).await?,
+		DebugCommand::ForceDeviceListUpdates => force_device_list_updates(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::ChangeLogLevel {
+			filter,
+			reset,
+		} => change_log_level(body, filter, reset).await?,
+		DebugCommand::SignJson => sign_json(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::VerifyJson => verify_json(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::FirstPduInRoom {
+			room_id,
+		} => first_pdu_in_room(body, room_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::LatestPduInRoom {
+			room_id,
+		} => latest_pdu_in_room(body, room_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::GetRemotePduList {
+			server,
+			force,
+		} => get_remote_pdu_list(body, server, force).await?,
+		DebugCommand::ForceSetRoomStateFromServer {
+			room_id,
+			server_name,
+		} => force_set_room_state_from_server(body, server_name, room_id).await?,
+		DebugCommand::ResolveTrueDestination {
+			server_name,
+			no_cache,
+		} => resolve_true_destination(body, server_name, no_cache).await?,
+		DebugCommand::MemoryStats => memory_stats(),
+		DebugCommand::RuntimeMetrics => runtime_metrics(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::RuntimeInterval => runtime_interval(body).await?,
+		DebugCommand::Tester(command) => tester::process(command, body).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -1,29 +1,34 @@
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::{admin_command, admin_command_dispatch, Result};
+use crate::Result;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, clap::Subcommand)]
+#[derive(clap::Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
 pub(crate) enum TesterCommand {
 	Tester,
 	Timer,
 }

+pub(super) async fn process(command: TesterCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match command {
+		TesterCommand::Tester => tester(body).await,
+		TesterCommand::Timer => timer(body).await,
+	}
+}
+
 #[inline(never)]
 #[rustfmt::skip]
 #[allow(unused_variables)]
-#[admin_command]
-async fn tester(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+async fn tester(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain("completed"))
 }

 #[inline(never)]
 #[rustfmt::skip]
-#[admin_command]
-async fn timer(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+async fn timer(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let started = std::time::Instant::now();
-	timed(self.body);
+	timed(&body);

 	let elapsed = started.elapsed();
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!("completed in {elapsed:#?}")))
@@ -1,26 +1,21 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedRoomId, RoomId, ServerName, UserId};

-use crate::{admin_command, escape_html, get_room_info};
+use crate::{escape_html, get_room_info, services, Result};

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn disable_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	self.services.rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
+pub(super) async fn disable_room(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	services().rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room disabled."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn enable_room(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	self.services.rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, false)?;
+pub(super) async fn enable_room(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	services().rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, false)?;
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room enabled."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn incoming_federation(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let map = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn incoming_federation(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let map = services()
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
 		.federation_handletime
@@ -36,10 +31,11 @@ pub(super) async fn incoming_federation(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(&msg))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn fetch_support_well_known(&self, server_name: Box<ServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let response = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn fetch_support_well_known(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, server_name: Box<ServerName>,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let response = services()
+		.globals
 		.client
 		.default
 		.get(format!("https://{server_name}/.well-known/matrix/support"))
@@ -77,27 +73,25 @@ pub(super) async fn fetch_support_well_known(&self, server_name: Box<ServerName>
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn remote_user_in_rooms(&self, user_id: Box<UserId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if user_id.server_name() == self.services.globals.config.server_name {
+pub(super) async fn remote_user_in_rooms(_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: Box<UserId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if user_id.server_name() == services().globals.config.server_name {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"User belongs to our server, please use `list-joined-rooms` user admin command instead.",
 		));
 	}

-	if !self.services.users.exists(&user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&user_id)? {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Remote user does not exist in our database.",
 		));
 	}

-	let mut rooms: Vec<(OwnedRoomId, u64, String)> = self
-		.services
+	let mut rooms: Vec<(OwnedRoomId, u64, String)> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(&user_id)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
-		.map(|room_id| get_room_info(self.services, &room_id))
+		.map(|room_id| get_room_info(&room_id))
 		.collect();

 	if rooms.is_empty() {
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ mod commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{RoomId, ServerName, UserId};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomId, ServerName, UserId};

-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum FederationCommand {
 	/// - List all rooms we are currently handling an incoming pdu from
 	IncomingFederation,
@@ -40,3 +40,21 @@ pub(super) enum FederationCommand {
 		user_id: Box<UserId>,
 	},
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: FederationCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		FederationCommand::DisableRoom {
+			room_id,
+		} => disable_room(body, room_id).await?,
+		FederationCommand::EnableRoom {
+			room_id,
+		} => enable_room(body, room_id).await?,
+		FederationCommand::IncomingFederation => incoming_federation(body).await?,
+		FederationCommand::FetchSupportWellKnown {
+			server_name,
+		} => fetch_support_well_known(body, server_name).await?,
+		FederationCommand::RemoteUserInRooms {
+			user_id,
+		} => remote_user_in_rooms(body, user_id).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use std::{panic::AssertUnwindSafe, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
+use std::{panic::AssertUnwindSafe, time::Instant};

 use clap::{CommandFactory, Parser};
-use conduit::{checked, error, trace, utils::string::common_prefix, Error, Result};
+use conduit::{error, trace, Error};
 use futures_util::future::FutureExt;
 use ruma::{
 	events::{
@@ -10,37 +10,82 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 	OwnedEventId,
 };
-use service::{
-	admin::{CommandInput, CommandOutput, CommandResult, HandlerResult},
-	Services,
+
+extern crate conduit_service as service;
+
+use conduit::{utils::string::common_prefix, Result};
+pub(crate) use service::admin::{Command, Service};
+use service::admin::{CommandOutput, CommandResult, HandlerResult};
+
+use crate::{
+	appservice, appservice::AppserviceCommand, check, check::CheckCommand, debug, debug::DebugCommand, federation,
+	federation::FederationCommand, media, media::MediaCommand, query, query::QueryCommand, room, room::RoomCommand,
+	server, server::ServerCommand, services, user, user::UserCommand,
 };
+pub(crate) const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 100;

-use crate::{admin, admin::AdminCommand, Command};
+#[derive(Parser)]
+#[command(name = "admin", version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))]
+pub(crate) enum AdminCommand {
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing appservices
+	Appservices(AppserviceCommand),

-#[must_use]
-pub(super) fn complete(line: &str) -> String { complete_command(AdminCommand::command(), line) }
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing local users
+	Users(UserCommand),

-#[must_use]
-pub(super) fn handle(services: Arc<Services>, command: CommandInput) -> HandlerResult {
-	Box::pin(handle_command(services, command))
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing rooms
+	Rooms(RoomCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing federation
+	Federation(FederationCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing the server
+	Server(ServerCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for managing media
+	Media(MediaCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for checking integrity
+	Check(CheckCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Commands for debugging things
+	Debug(DebugCommand),
+
+	#[command(subcommand)]
+	/// - Low-level queries for database getters and iterators
+	Query(QueryCommand),
 }

+#[must_use]
+pub(crate) fn handle(command: Command) -> HandlerResult { Box::pin(handle_command(command)) }
+
+#[must_use]
+pub(crate) fn complete(line: &str) -> String { complete_admin_command(AdminCommand::command(), line) }
+
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, name = "admin")]
-async fn handle_command(services: Arc<Services>, command: CommandInput) -> CommandResult {
-	AssertUnwindSafe(Box::pin(process_command(services, &command)))
+async fn handle_command(command: Command) -> CommandResult {
+	AssertUnwindSafe(process_command(&command))
 		.catch_unwind()
 		.await
 		.map_err(Error::from_panic)
 		.or_else(|error| handle_panic(&error, command))
 }

-async fn process_command(services: Arc<Services>, command: &CommandInput) -> CommandOutput {
-	process(services, &command.command)
+async fn process_command(command: &Command) -> CommandOutput {
+	process_admin_message(&command.command)
 		.await
 		.and_then(|content| reply(content, command.reply_id.clone()))
 }

-fn handle_panic(error: &Error, command: CommandInput) -> CommandResult {
+fn handle_panic(error: &Error, command: Command) -> CommandResult {
 	let link = "Please submit a [bug report](https://github.com/girlbossceo/conduwuit/issues/new). 🥺";
 	let msg = format!("Panic occurred while processing command:\n```\n{error:#?}\n```\n{link}");
 	let content = RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(msg);
@@ -59,28 +104,21 @@ fn reply(mut content: RoomMessageEventContent, reply_id: Option<OwnedEventId>) -
 }

 // Parse and process a message from the admin room
-async fn process(services: Arc<Services>, msg: &str) -> CommandOutput {
-	let lines = msg.lines().filter(|l| !l.trim().is_empty());
-	let command = lines
-		.clone()
-		.next()
-		.expect("each string has at least one line");
-	let (parsed, body) = match parse_command(command) {
+async fn process_admin_message(msg: &str) -> CommandOutput {
+	let mut lines = msg.lines().filter(|l| !l.trim().is_empty());
+	let command = lines.next().expect("each string has at least one line");
+	let body = lines.collect::<Vec<_>>();
+	let parsed = match parse_admin_command(command) {
 		Ok(parsed) => parsed,
 		Err(error) => {
-			let server_name = services.globals.server_name();
+			let server_name = services().globals.server_name();
 			let message = error.replace("server.name", server_name.as_str());
 			return Some(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(message));
 		},
 	};

-	let body = parse_body(AdminCommand::command(), &body, lines.skip(1).collect()).expect("trailing body parsed");
-	let context = Command {
-		services: &services,
-		body: &body,
-	};
 	let timer = Instant::now();
-	let result = Box::pin(admin::process(parsed, &context)).await;
+	let result = process_admin_command(parsed, body).await;
 	let elapsed = timer.elapsed();
 	conduit::debug!(?command, ok = result.is_ok(), "command processed in {elapsed:?}");
 	match result {
@@ -91,41 +129,31 @@ async fn process(services: Arc<Services>, msg: &str) -> CommandOutput {
 	}
 }

+#[tracing::instrument(skip_all, name = "command")]
+async fn process_admin_command(command: AdminCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let reply_message_content = match command {
+		AdminCommand::Appservices(command) => appservice::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Media(command) => media::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Users(command) => user::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Rooms(command) => room::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Federation(command) => federation::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Server(command) => server::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Debug(command) => debug::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Query(command) => query::process(command, body).await?,
+		AdminCommand::Check(command) => check::process(command, body).await?,
+	};
+
+	Ok(reply_message_content)
+}
+
 // Parse chat messages from the admin room into an AdminCommand object
-fn parse_command(command_line: &str) -> Result<(AdminCommand, Vec<String>), String> {
-	let argv = parse_line(command_line);
-	let com = AdminCommand::try_parse_from(&argv).map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
-	Ok((com, argv))
+fn parse_admin_command(command_line: &str) -> Result<AdminCommand, String> {
+	let argv = parse_command_line(command_line);
+	AdminCommand::try_parse_from(argv).map_err(|error| error.to_string())
 }

-fn parse_body<'a>(mut cmd: clap::Command, body: &'a [String], lines: Vec<&'a str>) -> Result<Vec<&'a str>> {
-	let mut start = 1;
-	'token: for token in body.iter().skip(1) {
-		let cmd_ = cmd.clone();
-		for sub in cmd_.get_subcommands() {
-			if sub.get_name() == *token {
-				start = checked!(start + 1)?;
-				cmd = sub.clone();
-				continue 'token;
-			}
-		}
-
-		// positional arguments have to be skipped too
-		let num_posargs = cmd_.get_positionals().count();
-		start = checked!(start + num_posargs)?;
-		break;
-	}
-
-	Ok(body
-		.iter()
-		.skip(start)
-		.map(String::as_str)
-		.chain(lines)
-		.collect::<Vec<&'a str>>())
-}
-
-fn complete_command(mut cmd: clap::Command, line: &str) -> String {
-	let argv = parse_line(line);
+fn complete_admin_command(mut cmd: clap::Command, line: &str) -> String {
+	let argv = parse_command_line(line);
 	let mut ret = Vec::<String>::with_capacity(argv.len().saturating_add(1));

 	'token: for token in argv.into_iter().skip(1) {
@@ -168,7 +196,7 @@ fn complete_command(mut cmd: clap::Command, line: &str) -> String {
 }

 // Parse chat messages from the admin room into an AdminCommand object
-fn parse_line(command_line: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+fn parse_command_line(command_line: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 	let mut argv = command_line
 		.split_whitespace()
 		.map(str::to_owned)
@@ -180,7 +208,8 @@ fn parse_line(command_line: &str) -> Vec<String> {
 	}

 	// First indice has to be "admin" but for console convenience we add it here
-	if !argv.is_empty() && !argv[0].ends_with("admin") && !argv[0].starts_with('@') {
+	let server_user = services().globals.server_user.as_str();
+	if !argv.is_empty() && !argv[0].ends_with("admin") && !argv[0].starts_with(server_user) {
 		argv.insert(0, "admin".to_owned());
 	}

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use conduit::{debug, info, Result};
+use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, EventId, MxcUri};
+use tracing::{debug, info};

-use crate::admin_command;
+use crate::services;

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn delete(
-	&self, mxc: Option<Box<MxcUri>>, event_id: Option<Box<EventId>>,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, mxc: Option<Box<MxcUri>>, event_id: Option<Box<EventId>>,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	if event_id.is_some() && mxc.is_some() {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub(super) async fn delete(

 	if let Some(mxc) = mxc {
 		debug!("Got MXC URL: {mxc}");
-		self.services.media.delete(mxc.as_ref()).await?;
+		services().media.delete(mxc.as_ref()).await?;

 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Deleted the MXC from our database and on our filesystem.",
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub(super) async fn delete(
 		let mut mxc_deletion_count: usize = 0;

 		// parsing the PDU for any MXC URLs begins here
-		if let Some(event_json) = self.services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)? {
+		if let Some(event_json) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&event_id)? {
 			if let Some(content_key) = event_json.get("content") {
 				debug!("Event ID has \"content\".");
 				let content_obj = content_key.as_object();
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ pub(super) async fn delete(
 		}

 		for mxc_url in mxc_urls {
-			self.services.media.delete(&mxc_url).await?;
+			services().media.delete(&mxc_url).await?;
 			mxc_deletion_count = mxc_deletion_count.saturating_add(1);
 		}

@@ -138,26 +138,23 @@ pub(super) async fn delete(
 	))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn delete_list(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn delete_list(body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let mxc_list = self
-		.body
-		.to_vec()
-		.drain(1..self.body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap())
+	let mxc_list = body
+		.clone()
+		.drain(1..body.len().checked_sub(1).unwrap())
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	let mut mxc_deletion_count: usize = 0;

 	for mxc in mxc_list {
 		debug!("Deleting MXC {mxc} in bulk");
-		self.services.media.delete(mxc).await?;
+		services().media.delete(mxc).await?;
 		mxc_deletion_count = mxc_deletion_count
 			.checked_add(1)
 			.expect("mxc_deletion_count should not get this high");
@@ -168,10 +165,10 @@ pub(super) async fn delete_list(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn delete_past_remote_media(&self, duration: String, force: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let deleted_count = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn delete_past_remote_media(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, duration: String, force: bool,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let deleted_count = services()
 		.media
 		.delete_all_remote_media_at_after_time(duration, force)
 		.await?;
@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ mod commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{EventId, MxcUri};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, EventId, MxcUri};

-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum MediaCommand {
 	/// - Deletes a single media file from our database and on the filesystem
 	///   via a single MXC URL
@@ -37,3 +37,17 @@ pub(super) enum MediaCommand {
 		force: bool,
 	},
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: MediaCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		MediaCommand::Delete {
+			mxc,
+			event_id,
+		} => delete(body, mxc, event_id).await?,
+		MediaCommand::DeleteList => delete_list(body).await?,
+		MediaCommand::DeletePastRemoteMedia {
+			duration,
+			force,
+		} => delete_past_remote_media(body, duration, force).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -1,55 +1,54 @@
-#![recursion_limit = "192"]
 #![allow(clippy::wildcard_imports)]
-#![allow(clippy::enum_glob_use)]
-
-pub(crate) mod admin;
-pub(crate) mod command;
-pub(crate) mod handler;
-mod tests;
-pub(crate) mod utils;

 pub(crate) mod appservice;
 pub(crate) mod check;
 pub(crate) mod debug;
 pub(crate) mod federation;
+pub(crate) mod handler;
 pub(crate) mod media;
 pub(crate) mod query;
 pub(crate) mod room;
 pub(crate) mod server;
+mod tests;
 pub(crate) mod user;
+pub(crate) mod utils;

 extern crate conduit_api as api;
 extern crate conduit_core as conduit;
 extern crate conduit_service as service;

-pub(crate) use conduit::Result;
-pub(crate) use conduit_macros::{admin_command, admin_command_dispatch};
+pub(crate) use conduit::{mod_ctor, mod_dtor, Result};
+pub(crate) use service::{services, user_is_local};

 pub(crate) use crate::{
-	command::Command,
+	handler::Service,
 	utils::{escape_html, get_room_info},
 };

-pub(crate) const PAGE_SIZE: usize = 100;
-
-conduit::mod_ctor! {}
-conduit::mod_dtor! {}
-conduit::rustc_flags_capture! {}
+mod_ctor! {}
+mod_dtor! {}

 /// Install the admin command handler
-pub async fn init(admin_service: &service::admin::Service) {
-	_ = admin_service
+pub async fn init() {
+	_ = services()
+		.admin
 		.complete
 		.write()
 		.expect("locked for writing")
 		.insert(handler::complete);
-	_ = admin_service.handle.write().await.insert(handler::handle);
+	_ = services()
+		.admin
+		.handle
+		.write()
+		.await
+		.insert(handler::handle);
 }

 /// Uninstall the admin command handler
-pub async fn fini(admin_service: &service::admin::Service) {
-	_ = admin_service.handle.write().await.take();
-	_ = admin_service
+pub async fn fini() {
+	_ = services().admin.handle.write().await.take();
+	_ = services()
+		.admin
 		.complete
 		.write()
 		.expect("locked for writing")
@@ -1,48 +1,18 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{
-	events::{room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomAccountDataEventType},
-	RoomId, UserId,
-};
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/account_data.rs
-pub(crate) enum AccountDataCommand {
-	/// - Returns all changes to the account data that happened after `since`.
-	ChangesSince {
-		/// Full user ID
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-		/// UNIX timestamp since (u64)
-		since: u64,
-		/// Optional room ID of the account data
-		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Searches the account data for a specific kind.
-	Get {
-		/// Full user ID
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-		/// Account data event type
-		kind: RoomAccountDataEventType,
-		/// Optional room ID of the account data
-		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
-	},
-}
+use super::AccountData;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/account_data.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: AccountDataCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn account_data(subcommand: AccountData) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		AccountDataCommand::ChangesSince {
+		AccountData::ChangesSince {
 			user_id,
 			since,
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services
+			let results = services()
 				.account_data
 				.changes_since(room_id.as_deref(), &user_id, since)?;
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();
@@ -51,13 +21,13 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: AccountDataCommand, context: &Command<'_
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		AccountDataCommand::Get {
+		AccountData::Get {
 			user_id,
 			kind,
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services
+			let results = services()
 				.account_data
 				.get(room_id.as_deref(), &user_id, kind)?;
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();
@@ -1,32 +1,16 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/appservice.rs
-pub(crate) enum AppserviceCommand {
-	/// - Gets the appservice registration info/details from the ID as a string
-	GetRegistration {
-		/// Appservice registration ID
-		appservice_id: Box<str>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Gets all appservice registrations with their ID and registration info
-	All,
-}
+use super::Appservice;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/appservice.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: AppserviceCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn appservice(subcommand: Appservice) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		AppserviceCommand::GetRegistration {
+		Appservice::GetRegistration {
 			appservice_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services
+			let results = services()
 				.appservice
 				.db
 				.get_registration(appservice_id.as_ref());
@@ -36,9 +20,9 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: AppserviceCommand, context: &Command<'_>
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		AppserviceCommand::All => {
+		Appservice::All => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.appservice.all();
+			let results = services().appservice.all();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
@@ -1,73 +1,52 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, ServerName};
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/globals.rs
-pub(crate) enum GlobalsCommand {
-	DatabaseVersion,
-
-	CurrentCount,
-
-	LastCheckForUpdatesId,
-
-	LoadKeypair,
-
-	/// - This returns an empty `Ok(BTreeMap<..>)` when there are no keys found
-	///   for the server.
-	SigningKeysFor {
-		origin: Box<ServerName>,
-	},
-}
+use super::Globals;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/globals.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: GlobalsCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn globals(subcommand: Globals) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		GlobalsCommand::DatabaseVersion => {
+		Globals::DatabaseVersion => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.globals.db.database_version();
+			let results = services().globals.db.database_version();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		GlobalsCommand::CurrentCount => {
+		Globals::CurrentCount => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.globals.db.current_count();
+			let results = services().globals.db.current_count();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		GlobalsCommand::LastCheckForUpdatesId => {
+		Globals::LastCheckForUpdatesId => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.updates.last_check_for_updates_id();
+			let results = services().updates.last_check_for_updates_id();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		GlobalsCommand::LoadKeypair => {
+		Globals::LoadKeypair => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.globals.db.load_keypair();
+			let results = services().globals.db.load_keypair();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		GlobalsCommand::SigningKeysFor {
+		Globals::SigningKeysFor {
 			origin,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.globals.db.verify_keys_for(&origin);
+			let results = services().globals.db.signing_keys_for(&origin);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
@@ -10,51 +10,314 @@ mod users;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
+use room_state_cache::room_state_cache;
+use ruma::{
+	events::{room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomAccountDataEventType},
+	OwnedServerName, RoomAliasId, RoomId, ServerName, UserId,
+};

 use self::{
-	account_data::AccountDataCommand, appservice::AppserviceCommand, globals::GlobalsCommand,
-	presence::PresenceCommand, resolver::ResolverCommand, room_alias::RoomAliasCommand,
-	room_state_cache::RoomStateCacheCommand, sending::SendingCommand, users::UsersCommand,
+	account_data::account_data, appservice::appservice, globals::globals, presence::presence, resolver::resolver,
+	room_alias::room_alias, sending::sending, users::users,
 };
-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 /// Query tables from database
 pub(super) enum QueryCommand {
 	/// - account_data.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	AccountData(AccountDataCommand),
+	AccountData(AccountData),

 	/// - appservice.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Appservice(AppserviceCommand),
+	Appservice(Appservice),

 	/// - presence.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Presence(PresenceCommand),
+	Presence(Presence),

 	/// - rooms/alias.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	RoomAlias(RoomAliasCommand),
+	RoomAlias(RoomAlias),

 	/// - rooms/state_cache iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	RoomStateCache(RoomStateCacheCommand),
+	RoomStateCache(RoomStateCache),

 	/// - globals.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Globals(GlobalsCommand),
+	Globals(Globals),

 	/// - sending.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Sending(SendingCommand),
+	Sending(Sending),

 	/// - users.rs iterators and getters
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Users(UsersCommand),
+	Users(Users),

 	/// - resolver service
 	#[command(subcommand)]
-	Resolver(ResolverCommand),
+	Resolver(Resolver),
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/account_data.rs
+pub(super) enum AccountData {
+	/// - Returns all changes to the account data that happened after `since`.
+	ChangesSince {
+		/// Full user ID
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+		/// UNIX timestamp since (u64)
+		since: u64,
+		/// Optional room ID of the account data
+		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Searches the account data for a specific kind.
+	Get {
+		/// Full user ID
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+		/// Account data event type
+		kind: RoomAccountDataEventType,
+		/// Optional room ID of the account data
+		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/appservice.rs
+pub(super) enum Appservice {
+	/// - Gets the appservice registration info/details from the ID as a string
+	GetRegistration {
+		/// Appservice registration ID
+		appservice_id: Box<str>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Gets all appservice registrations with their ID and registration info
+	All,
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/presence.rs
+pub(super) enum Presence {
+	/// - Returns the latest presence event for the given user.
+	GetPresence {
+		/// Full user ID
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Iterator of the most recent presence updates that happened after the
+	///   event with id `since`.
+	PresenceSince {
+		/// UNIX timestamp since (u64)
+		since: u64,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/rooms/alias.rs
+pub(super) enum RoomAlias {
+	ResolveLocalAlias {
+		/// Full room alias
+		alias: Box<RoomAliasId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Iterator of all our local room aliases for the room ID
+	LocalAliasesForRoom {
+		/// Full room ID
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Iterator of all our local aliases in our database with their room IDs
+	AllLocalAliases,
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(super) enum RoomStateCache {
+	ServerInRoom {
+		server: Box<ServerName>,
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomServers {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	ServerRooms {
+		server: Box<ServerName>,
+	},
+
+	RoomMembers {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	LocalUsersInRoom {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	ActiveLocalUsersInRoom {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomJoinedCount {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomInvitedCount {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomUserOnceJoined {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomMembersInvited {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	GetInviteCount {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	GetLeftCount {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomsJoined {
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomsLeft {
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	RoomsInvited {
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+	},
+
+	InviteState {
+		user_id: Box<UserId>,
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/globals.rs
+pub(super) enum Globals {
+	DatabaseVersion,
+
+	CurrentCount,
+
+	LastCheckForUpdatesId,
+
+	LoadKeypair,
+
+	/// - This returns an empty `Ok(BTreeMap<..>)` when there are no keys found
+	///   for the server.
+	SigningKeysFor {
+		origin: Box<ServerName>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/sending.rs
+pub(super) enum Sending {
+	/// - Queries database for all `servercurrentevent_data`
+	ActiveRequests,
+
+	/// - Queries database for `servercurrentevent_data` but for a specific
+	///   destination
+	///
+	/// This command takes only *one* format of these arguments:
+	///
+	/// appservice_id
+	/// server_name
+	/// user_id AND push_key
+	///
+	/// See src/service/sending/mod.rs for the definition of the `Destination`
+	/// enum
+	ActiveRequestsFor {
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		appservice_id: Option<String>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		user_id: Option<Box<UserId>>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		push_key: Option<String>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Queries database for `servernameevent_data` which are the queued up
+	///   requests that will eventually be sent
+	///
+	/// This command takes only *one* format of these arguments:
+	///
+	/// appservice_id
+	/// server_name
+	/// user_id AND push_key
+	///
+	/// See src/service/sending/mod.rs for the definition of the `Destination`
+	/// enum
+	QueuedRequests {
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		appservice_id: Option<String>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		user_id: Option<Box<UserId>>,
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		push_key: Option<String>,
+	},
+
+	GetLatestEduCount {
+		server_name: Box<ServerName>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/users.rs
+pub(super) enum Users {
+	Iter,
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+/// Resolver service and caches
+pub(super) enum Resolver {
+	/// Query the destinations cache
+	DestinationsCache {
+		server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>,
+	},
+
+	/// Query the overrides cache
+	OverridesCache {
+		name: Option<String>,
+	},
+}
+
+/// Processes admin query commands
+pub(super) async fn process(command: QueryCommand, _body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		QueryCommand::AccountData(command) => account_data(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Appservice(command) => appservice(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Presence(command) => presence(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::RoomAlias(command) => room_alias(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::RoomStateCache(command) => room_state_cache(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Globals(command) => globals(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Sending(command) => sending(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Users(command) => users(command).await?,
+		QueryCommand::Resolver(command) => resolver(command).await?,
+	})
 }
@@ -1,47 +1,27 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, UserId};
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/presence.rs
-pub(crate) enum PresenceCommand {
-	/// - Returns the latest presence event for the given user.
-	GetPresence {
-		/// Full user ID
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Iterator of the most recent presence updates that happened after the
-	///   event with id `since`.
-	PresenceSince {
-		/// UNIX timestamp since (u64)
-		since: u64,
-	},
-}
+use super::Presence;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators in key_value/presence.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: PresenceCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn presence(subcommand: Presence) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		PresenceCommand::GetPresence {
+		Presence::GetPresence {
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.presence.db.get_presence(&user_id)?;
+			let results = services().presence.db.get_presence(&user_id)?;
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		PresenceCommand::PresenceSince {
+		Presence::PresenceSince {
 			since,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.presence.db.presence_since(since);
+			let results = services().presence.db.presence_since(since);
 			let presence_since: Vec<(_, _, _)> = results.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::{utils::time, Result};
 use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedServerName};

-use crate::{admin_command, admin_command_dispatch};
+use super::Resolver;
+use crate::services;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// Resolver service and caches
-pub(crate) enum ResolverCommand {
-	/// Query the destinations cache
-	DestinationsCache {
-		server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>,
-	},
-
-	/// Query the overrides cache
-	OverridesCache {
-		name: Option<String>,
-	},
+/// All the getters and iterators in key_value/users.rs
+pub(super) async fn resolver(subcommand: Resolver) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match subcommand {
+		Resolver::DestinationsCache {
+			server_name,
+		} => destinations_cache(server_name).await,
+		Resolver::OverridesCache {
+			name,
+		} => overrides_cache(name).await,
+	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn destinations_cache(&self, server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	use service::resolver::cache::CachedDest;
+async fn destinations_cache(server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	use service::sending::CachedDest;

 	let mut out = String::new();
 	writeln!(out, "| Server Name | Destination | Hostname | Expires |")?;
@@ -40,10 +36,9 @@ async fn destinations_cache(&self, server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>) -> Resu
 		writeln!(out, "| {name} | {dest} | {host} | {expire} |").expect("wrote line");
 	};

-	let map = self
-		.services
+	let map = services()
+		.globals
 		.resolver
-		.cache
 		.destinations
 		.read()
 		.expect("locked");
@@ -57,9 +52,8 @@ async fn destinations_cache(&self, server_name: Option<OwnedServerName>) -> Resu
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(out))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn overrides_cache(&self, server_name: Option<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	use service::resolver::cache::CachedOverride;
+async fn overrides_cache(server_name: Option<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	use service::sending::CachedOverride;

 	let mut out = String::new();
 	writeln!(out, "| Server Name | IP  | Port | Expires |")?;
@@ -76,10 +70,9 @@ async fn overrides_cache(&self, server_name: Option<String>) -> Result<RoomMessa
 		writeln!(out, "| {name} | {ips:?} | {port} | {expire} |").expect("wrote line");
 	};

-	let map = self
-		.services
+	let map = services()
+		.globals
 		.resolver
-		.cache
 		.overrides
 		.read()
 		.expect("locked");
@@ -1,48 +1,27 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomAliasId, RoomId};
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/rooms/alias.rs
-pub(crate) enum RoomAliasCommand {
-	ResolveLocalAlias {
-		/// Full room alias
-		alias: Box<RoomAliasId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Iterator of all our local room aliases for the room ID
-	LocalAliasesForRoom {
-		/// Full room ID
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Iterator of all our local aliases in our database with their room IDs
-	AllLocalAliases,
-}
+use super::RoomAlias;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators in src/database/key_value/rooms/alias.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn room_alias(subcommand: RoomAlias) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		RoomAliasCommand::ResolveLocalAlias {
+		RoomAlias::ResolveLocalAlias {
 			alias,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&alias);
+			let results = services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&alias);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomAliasCommand::LocalAliasesForRoom {
+		RoomAlias::LocalAliasesForRoom {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.alias.local_aliases_for_room(&room_id);
+			let results = services().rooms.alias.local_aliases_for_room(&room_id);
 			let aliases: Vec<_> = results.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

@@ -50,9 +29,9 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>)
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{aliases:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomAliasCommand::AllLocalAliases => {
+		RoomAlias::AllLocalAliases => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.alias.all_local_aliases();
+			let results = services().rooms.alias.all_local_aliases();
 			let aliases: Vec<_> = results.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

@@ -1,136 +1,71 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomId, ServerName, UserId};
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub(crate) enum RoomStateCacheCommand {
-	ServerInRoom {
-		server: Box<ServerName>,
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomServers {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	ServerRooms {
-		server: Box<ServerName>,
-	},
-
-	RoomMembers {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	LocalUsersInRoom {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	ActiveLocalUsersInRoom {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomJoinedCount {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomInvitedCount {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomUserOnceJoined {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomMembersInvited {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	GetInviteCount {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	GetLeftCount {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomsJoined {
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomsLeft {
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	RoomsInvited {
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-	},
-
-	InviteState {
-		user_id: Box<UserId>,
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn process(
-	subcommand: RoomStateCacheCommand, context: &Command<'_>,
-) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
+use super::RoomStateCache;
+use crate::{services, Result};

+pub(super) async fn room_state_cache(subcommand: RoomStateCache) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::ServerInRoom {
+		RoomStateCache::ServerInRoom {
 			server,
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let result = services.rooms.state_cache.server_in_room(&server, &room_id);
+			let result = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.server_in_room(&server, &room_id);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{result:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomServers {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomServers {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.room_servers(&room_id).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.room_servers(&room_id)
+				.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::ServerRooms {
+		RoomStateCache::ServerRooms {
 			server,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.server_rooms(&server).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services().rooms.state_cache.server_rooms(&server).collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomMembers {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomMembers {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.room_members(&room_id).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.room_members(&room_id)
+				.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::LocalUsersInRoom {
+		RoomStateCache::LocalUsersInRoom {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Vec<_> = services
+			let results: Vec<_> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.local_users_in_room(&room_id)
@@ -141,11 +76,11 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::ActiveLocalUsersInRoom {
+		RoomStateCache::ActiveLocalUsersInRoom {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Vec<_> = services
+			let results: Vec<_> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.active_local_users_in_room(&room_id)
@@ -156,33 +91,33 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomJoinedCount {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomJoinedCount {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.state_cache.room_joined_count(&room_id);
+			let results = services().rooms.state_cache.room_joined_count(&room_id);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomInvitedCount {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomInvitedCount {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.state_cache.room_invited_count(&room_id);
+			let results = services().rooms.state_cache.room_invited_count(&room_id);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomUserOnceJoined {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomUserOnceJoined {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.room_useroncejoined(&room_id)
@@ -193,11 +128,11 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomMembersInvited {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomMembersInvited {
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.room_members_invited(&room_id)
@@ -208,12 +143,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::GetInviteCount {
+		RoomStateCache::GetInviteCount {
 			room_id,
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services
+			let results = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.get_invite_count(&room_id, &user_id);
@@ -223,12 +158,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::GetLeftCount {
+		RoomStateCache::GetLeftCount {
 			room_id,
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services
+			let results = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.get_left_count(&room_id, &user_id);
@@ -238,45 +173,56 @@ pub(super) async fn process(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomsJoined {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomsJoined {
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.rooms_joined(&user_id).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.rooms_joined(&user_id)
+				.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomsInvited {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomsInvited {
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.rooms_invited(&user_id).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.rooms_invited(&user_id)
+				.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::RoomsLeft {
+		RoomStateCache::RoomsLeft {
 			user_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services.rooms.state_cache.rooms_left(&user_id).collect();
+			let results: Result<Vec<_>> = services().rooms.state_cache.rooms_left(&user_id).collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{results:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		RoomStateCacheCommand::InviteState {
+		RoomStateCache::InviteState {
 			user_id,
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.rooms.state_cache.invite_state(&user_id, &room_id);
+			let results = services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.invite_state(&user_id, &room_id);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
@@ -1,73 +1,14 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, ServerName, UserId};
-use service::sending::Destination;
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/sending.rs
-pub(crate) enum SendingCommand {
-	/// - Queries database for all `servercurrentevent_data`
-	ActiveRequests,
-
-	/// - Queries database for `servercurrentevent_data` but for a specific
-	///   destination
-	///
-	/// This command takes only *one* format of these arguments:
-	///
-	/// appservice_id
-	/// server_name
-	/// user_id AND push_key
-	///
-	/// See src/service/sending/mod.rs for the definition of the `Destination`
-	/// enum
-	ActiveRequestsFor {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		appservice_id: Option<String>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		user_id: Option<Box<UserId>>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		push_key: Option<String>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Queries database for `servernameevent_data` which are the queued up
-	///   requests that will eventually be sent
-	///
-	/// This command takes only *one* format of these arguments:
-	///
-	/// appservice_id
-	/// server_name
-	/// user_id AND push_key
-	///
-	/// See src/service/sending/mod.rs for the definition of the `Destination`
-	/// enum
-	QueuedRequests {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		appservice_id: Option<String>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		server_name: Option<Box<ServerName>>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		user_id: Option<Box<UserId>>,
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		push_key: Option<String>,
-	},
-
-	GetLatestEduCount {
-		server_name: Box<ServerName>,
-	},
-}
+use super::Sending;
+use crate::{service::sending::Destination, services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators in key_value/sending.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn sending(subcommand: Sending) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		SendingCommand::ActiveRequests => {
+		Sending::ActiveRequests => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.sending.db.active_requests();
+			let results = services().sending.db.active_requests();
 			let active_requests: Result<Vec<(_, _, _)>> = results.collect();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

@@ -75,7 +16,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{active_requests:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		SendingCommand::QueuedRequests {
+		Sending::QueuedRequests {
 			appservice_id,
 			server_name,
 			user_id,
@@ -97,12 +38,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 						));
 					}

-					services
+					services()
 						.sending
 						.db
 						.queued_requests(&Destination::Appservice(appservice_id))
 				},
-				(None, Some(server_name), None, None) => services
+				(None, Some(server_name), None, None) => services()
 					.sending
 					.db
 					.queued_requests(&Destination::Normal(server_name.into())),
@@ -114,7 +55,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 						));
 					}

-					services
+					services()
 						.sending
 						.db
 						.queued_requests(&Destination::Push(user_id.into(), push_key))
@@ -140,7 +81,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{queued_requests:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		SendingCommand::ActiveRequestsFor {
+		Sending::ActiveRequestsFor {
 			appservice_id,
 			server_name,
 			user_id,
@@ -163,12 +104,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 						));
 					}

-					services
+					services()
 						.sending
 						.db
 						.active_requests_for(&Destination::Appservice(appservice_id))
 				},
-				(None, Some(server_name), None, None) => services
+				(None, Some(server_name), None, None) => services()
 					.sending
 					.db
 					.active_requests_for(&Destination::Normal(server_name.into())),
@@ -180,7 +121,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 						));
 					}

-					services
+					services()
 						.sending
 						.db
 						.active_requests_for(&Destination::Push(user_id.into(), push_key))
@@ -206,11 +147,11 @@ pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: SendingCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -
 				"Query completed in {query_time:?}:\n\n```rs\n{active_requests:#?}\n```"
 			)))
 		},
-		SendingCommand::GetLatestEduCount {
+		Sending::GetLatestEduCount {
 			server_name,
 		} => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.sending.db.get_latest_educount(&server_name);
+			let results = services().sending.db.get_latest_educount(&server_name);
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

 			Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
@@ -1,23 +1,14 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::Command;
-
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-/// All the getters and iterators from src/database/key_value/users.rs
-pub(crate) enum UsersCommand {
-	Iter,
-}
+use super::Users;
+use crate::{services, Result};

 /// All the getters and iterators in key_value/users.rs
-pub(super) async fn process(subcommand: UsersCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-
+pub(super) async fn users(subcommand: Users) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match subcommand {
-		UsersCommand::Iter => {
+		Users::Iter => {
 			let timer = tokio::time::Instant::now();
-			let results = services.users.db.iter();
+			let results = services().users.db.iter();
 			let users = results.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 			let query_time = timer.elapsed();

@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@
-mod alias;
-mod commands;
-mod directory;
-mod info;
-mod moderation;
+mod room_alias_commands;
+mod room_commands;
+mod room_directory_commands;
+mod room_info_commands;
+mod room_moderation_commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomId, RoomOrAliasId};

-use self::{
-	alias::RoomAliasCommand, directory::RoomDirectoryCommand, info::RoomInfoCommand, moderation::RoomModerationCommand,
-};
-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::room_commands::list;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum RoomCommand {
 	/// - List all rooms the server knows about
-	#[clap(alias = "list")]
-	ListRooms {
+	List {
 		page: Option<usize>,

 		/// Excludes rooms that we have federation disabled with
@@ -45,3 +42,153 @@ pub(super) enum RoomCommand {
 	/// - Manage the room directory
 	Directory(RoomDirectoryCommand),
 }
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(super) enum RoomInfoCommand {
+	/// - List joined members in a room
+	ListJoinedMembers {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Displays room topic
+	///
+	/// Room topics can be huge, so this is in its
+	/// own separate command
+	ViewRoomTopic {
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(super) enum RoomAliasCommand {
+	/// - Make an alias point to a room.
+	Set {
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		/// Set the alias even if a room is already using it
+		force: bool,
+
+		/// The room id to set the alias on
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+
+		/// The alias localpart to use (`alias`, not `#alias:servername.tld`)
+		room_alias_localpart: String,
+	},
+
+	/// - Remove a local alias
+	Remove {
+		/// The alias localpart to remove (`alias`, not `#alias:servername.tld`)
+		room_alias_localpart: String,
+	},
+
+	/// - Show which room is using an alias
+	Which {
+		/// The alias localpart to look up (`alias`, not
+		/// `#alias:servername.tld`)
+		room_alias_localpart: String,
+	},
+
+	/// - List aliases currently being used
+	List {
+		/// If set, only list the aliases for this room
+		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(super) enum RoomDirectoryCommand {
+	/// - Publish a room to the room directory
+	Publish {
+		/// The room id of the room to publish
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Unpublish a room to the room directory
+	Unpublish {
+		/// The room id of the room to unpublish
+		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - List rooms that are published
+	List {
+		page: Option<usize>,
+	},
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
+pub(super) enum RoomModerationCommand {
+	/// - Bans a room from local users joining and evicts all our local users
+	///   from the room. Also blocks any invites (local and remote) for the
+	///   banned room.
+	///
+	/// Server admins (users in the conduwuit admin room) will not be evicted
+	/// and server admins can still join the room. To evict admins too, use
+	/// --force (also ignores errors) To disable incoming federation of the
+	/// room, use --disable-federation
+	BanRoom {
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		/// Evicts admins out of the room and ignores any potential errors when
+		/// making our local users leave the room
+		force: bool,
+
+		#[arg(long)]
+		/// Disables incoming federation of the room after banning and evicting
+		/// users
+		disable_federation: bool,
+
+		/// The room in the format of `!roomid:example.com` or a room alias in
+		/// the format of `#roomalias:example.com`
+		room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - Bans a list of rooms (room IDs and room aliases) from a newline
+	///   delimited codeblock similar to `user deactivate-all`
+	BanListOfRooms {
+		#[arg(short, long)]
+		/// Evicts admins out of the room and ignores any potential errors when
+		/// making our local users leave the room
+		force: bool,
+
+		#[arg(long)]
+		/// Disables incoming federation of the room after banning and evicting
+		/// users
+		disable_federation: bool,
+	},
+
+	/// - Unbans a room to allow local users to join again
+	///
+	/// To re-enable incoming federation of the room, use --enable-federation
+	UnbanRoom {
+		#[arg(long)]
+		/// Enables incoming federation of the room after unbanning
+		enable_federation: bool,
+
+		/// The room in the format of `!roomid:example.com` or a room alias in
+		/// the format of `#roomalias:example.com`
+		room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>,
+	},
+
+	/// - List of all rooms we have banned
+	ListBannedRooms,
+}
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		RoomCommand::Info(command) => room_info_commands::process(command, body).await?,
+
+		RoomCommand::Alias(command) => room_alias_commands::process(command, body).await?,
+
+		RoomCommand::Directory(command) => room_directory_commands::process(command, body).await?,
+
+		RoomCommand::Moderation(command) => room_moderation_commands::process(command, body).await?,
+
+		RoomCommand::List {
+			page,
+			exclude_disabled,
+			exclude_banned,
+		} => list(body, page, exclude_disabled, exclude_banned).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -1,49 +1,12 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomAliasId, RoomId};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomAliasId};

-use crate::{escape_html, Command};
+use super::RoomAliasCommand;
+use crate::{escape_html, services, Result};

-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub(crate) enum RoomAliasCommand {
-	/// - Make an alias point to a room.
-	Set {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		/// Set the alias even if a room is already using it
-		force: bool,
-
-		/// The room id to set the alias on
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-
-		/// The alias localpart to use (`alias`, not `#alias:servername.tld`)
-		room_alias_localpart: String,
-	},
-
-	/// - Remove a local alias
-	Remove {
-		/// The alias localpart to remove (`alias`, not `#alias:servername.tld`)
-		room_alias_localpart: String,
-	},
-
-	/// - Show which room is using an alias
-	Which {
-		/// The alias localpart to look up (`alias`, not
-		/// `#alias:servername.tld`)
-		room_alias_localpart: String,
-	},
-
-	/// - List aliases currently being used
-	List {
-		/// If set, only list the aliases for this room
-		room_id: Option<Box<RoomId>>,
-	},
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
-	let server_user = &services.globals.server_user;
+pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, _body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let server_user = &services().globals.server_user;

 	match command {
 		RoomAliasCommand::Set {
@@ -56,7 +19,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 		| RoomAliasCommand::Which {
 			ref room_alias_localpart,
 		} => {
-			let room_alias_str = format!("#{}:{}", room_alias_localpart, services.globals.server_name());
+			let room_alias_str = format!("#{}:{}", room_alias_localpart, services().globals.server_name());
 			let room_alias = match RoomAliasId::parse_box(room_alias_str) {
 				Ok(alias) => alias,
 				Err(err) => return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Failed to parse alias: {err}"))),
@@ -66,8 +29,8 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 					force,
 					room_id,
 					..
-				} => match (force, services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)) {
-					(true, Ok(Some(id))) => match services
+				} => match (force, services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)) {
+					(true, Ok(Some(id))) => match services()
 						.rooms
 						.alias
 						.set_alias(&room_alias, &room_id, server_user)
@@ -80,7 +43,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 					(false, Ok(Some(id))) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 						"Refusing to overwrite in use alias for {id}, use -f or --force to overwrite"
 					))),
-					(_, Ok(None)) => match services
+					(_, Ok(None)) => match services()
 						.rooms
 						.alias
 						.set_alias(&room_alias, &room_id, server_user)
@@ -92,8 +55,8 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 				},
 				RoomAliasCommand::Remove {
 					..
-				} => match services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias) {
-					Ok(Some(id)) => match services
+				} => match services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias) {
+					Ok(Some(id)) => match services()
 						.rooms
 						.alias
 						.remove_alias(&room_alias, server_user)
@@ -107,7 +70,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 				},
 				RoomAliasCommand::Which {
 					..
-				} => match services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias) {
+				} => match services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias) {
 					Ok(Some(id)) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Alias resolves to {id}"))),
 					Ok(None) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Alias isn't in use.")),
 					Err(err) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Unable to lookup alias: {err}"))),
@@ -121,7 +84,7 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 			room_id,
 		} => {
 			if let Some(room_id) = room_id {
-				let aliases = services
+				let aliases = services()
 					.rooms
 					.alias
 					.local_aliases_for_room(&room_id)
@@ -146,14 +109,14 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomAliasCommand, context: &Command<'_>) ->
 					Err(err) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Unable to list aliases: {err}"))),
 				}
 			} else {
-				let aliases = services
+				let aliases = services()
 					.rooms
 					.alias
 					.all_local_aliases()
 					.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>();
 				match aliases {
 					Ok(aliases) => {
-						let server_name = services.globals.server_name();
+						let server_name = services().globals.server_name();
 						let plain_list = aliases
 							.iter()
 							.fold(String::new(), |mut output, (alias, id)| {
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::{admin_command, escape_html, get_room_info, PAGE_SIZE};
+use crate::{escape_html, get_room_info, handler::PAGE_SIZE, services, Result};

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_rooms(
-	&self, page: Option<usize>, exclude_disabled: bool, exclude_banned: bool,
+pub(super) async fn list(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, page: Option<usize>, exclude_disabled: bool, exclude_banned: bool,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// TODO: i know there's a way to do this with clap, but i can't seem to find it
 	let page = page.unwrap_or(1);
-	let mut rooms = self
-		.services
+	let mut rooms = services()
 		.rooms
 		.metadata
 		.iter_ids()
@@ -21,8 +18,7 @@ pub(super) async fn list_rooms(
 				.ok()
 				.filter(|room_id| {
 					if exclude_disabled
-						&& self
-							.services
+						&& services()
 							.rooms
 							.metadata
 							.is_disabled(room_id)
@@ -32,8 +28,7 @@ pub(super) async fn list_rooms(
 					}

 					if exclude_banned
-						&& self
-							.services
+						&& services()
 							.rooms
 							.metadata
 							.is_banned(room_id)
@@ -44,7 +39,7 @@ pub(super) async fn list_rooms(

 					true
 				})
-				.map(|room_id| get_room_info(self.services, &room_id))
+				.map(|room_id| get_room_info(&room_id))
 		})
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 	rooms.sort_by_key(|r| r.1);
@@ -1,43 +1,21 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedRoomId, RoomId};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedRoomId};

-use crate::{escape_html, get_room_info, Command, PAGE_SIZE};
+use super::RoomDirectoryCommand;
+use crate::{escape_html, get_room_info, handler::PAGE_SIZE, services, Result};

-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub(crate) enum RoomDirectoryCommand {
-	/// - Publish a room to the room directory
-	Publish {
-		/// The room id of the room to publish
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Unpublish a room to the room directory
-	Unpublish {
-		/// The room id of the room to unpublish
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - List rooms that are published
-	List {
-		page: Option<usize>,
-	},
-}
-
-pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomDirectoryCommand, context: &Command<'_>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services = context.services;
+pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomDirectoryCommand, _body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	match command {
 		RoomDirectoryCommand::Publish {
 			room_id,
-		} => match services.rooms.directory.set_public(&room_id) {
+		} => match services().rooms.directory.set_public(&room_id) {
 			Ok(()) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room published")),
 			Err(err) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Unable to update room: {err}"))),
 		},
 		RoomDirectoryCommand::Unpublish {
 			room_id,
-		} => match services.rooms.directory.set_not_public(&room_id) {
+		} => match services().rooms.directory.set_not_public(&room_id) {
 			Ok(()) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room unpublished")),
 			Err(err) => Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Unable to update room: {err}"))),
 		},
@@ -46,12 +24,12 @@ pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomDirectoryCommand, context: &Command<'_>
 		} => {
 			// TODO: i know there's a way to do this with clap, but i can't seem to find it
 			let page = page.unwrap_or(1);
-			let mut rooms = services
+			let mut rooms = services()
 				.rooms
 				.directory
 				.public_rooms()
 				.filter_map(Result::ok)
-				.map(|id: OwnedRoomId| get_room_info(services, &id))
+				.map(|id: OwnedRoomId| get_room_info(&id))
 				.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 			rooms.sort_by_key(|r| r.1);
 			rooms.reverse();
@@ -1,30 +1,22 @@
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::Result;
 use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, RoomId};
+use service::services;

-use crate::{admin_command, admin_command_dispatch};
+use super::RoomInfoCommand;
+use crate::Result;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub(crate) enum RoomInfoCommand {
-	/// - List joined members in a room
-	ListJoinedMembers {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Displays room topic
-	///
-	/// Room topics can be huge, so this is in its
-	/// own separate command
-	ViewRoomTopic {
-		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
-	},
+pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomInfoCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match command {
+		RoomInfoCommand::ListJoinedMembers {
+			room_id,
+		} => list_joined_members(body, room_id).await,
+		RoomInfoCommand::ViewRoomTopic {
+			room_id,
+		} => view_room_topic(body, room_id).await,
+	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn list_joined_members(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let room_name = self
-		.services
+async fn list_joined_members(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let room_name = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.get_name(&room_id)
@@ -32,8 +24,7 @@ async fn list_joined_members(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageE
 		.flatten()
 		.unwrap_or_else(|| room_id.to_string());

-	let members = self
-		.services
+	let members = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.room_members(&room_id)
@@ -44,7 +35,7 @@ async fn list_joined_members(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageE
 		.map(|user_id| {
 			(
 				user_id.clone(),
-				self.services
+				services()
 					.users
 					.displayname(&user_id)
 					.unwrap_or(None)
@@ -67,18 +58,12 @@ async fn list_joined_members(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageE
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(output_plain))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn view_room_topic(&self, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let Some(room_topic) = self
-		.services
-		.rooms
-		.state_accessor
-		.get_room_topic(&room_id)?
-	else {
+async fn view_room_topic(_body: Vec<&str>, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let Some(room_topic) = services().rooms.state_accessor.get_room_topic(&room_id)? else {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room does not have a room topic set."));
 	};

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
-		"Room topic:\n```\n{room_topic}\n```"
+		"Room topic:\n\n```{room_topic}\n```"
 	)))
 }
@@ -1,77 +1,37 @@
 use api::client::leave_room;
-use clap::Subcommand;
-use conduit::{debug, error, info, warn, Result};
 use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedRoomId, RoomAliasId, RoomId, RoomOrAliasId};
+use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};

-use crate::{admin_command, admin_command_dispatch, get_room_info};
+use super::{super::Service, RoomModerationCommand};
+use crate::{get_room_info, services, user_is_local, Result};

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
-pub(crate) enum RoomModerationCommand {
-	/// - Bans a room from local users joining and evicts all our local users
-	///   from the room. Also blocks any invites (local and remote) for the
-	///   banned room.
-	///
-	/// Server admins (users in the conduwuit admin room) will not be evicted
-	/// and server admins can still join the room. To evict admins too, use
-	/// --force (also ignores errors) To disable incoming federation of the
-	/// room, use --disable-federation
-	BanRoom {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		/// Evicts admins out of the room and ignores any potential errors when
-		/// making our local users leave the room
-		force: bool,
-
-		#[arg(long)]
-		/// Disables incoming federation of the room after banning and evicting
-		/// users
-		disable_federation: bool,
-
-		/// The room in the format of `!roomid:example.com` or a room alias in
-		/// the format of `#roomalias:example.com`
-		room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - Bans a list of rooms (room IDs and room aliases) from a newline
-	///   delimited codeblock similar to `user deactivate-all`
-	BanListOfRooms {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		/// Evicts admins out of the room and ignores any potential errors when
-		/// making our local users leave the room
-		force: bool,
-
-		#[arg(long)]
-		/// Disables incoming federation of the room after banning and evicting
-		/// users
-		disable_federation: bool,
-	},
-
-	/// - Unbans a room to allow local users to join again
-	///
-	/// To re-enable incoming federation of the room, use --enable-federation
-	UnbanRoom {
-		#[arg(long)]
-		/// Enables incoming federation of the room after unbanning
-		enable_federation: bool,
-
-		/// The room in the format of `!roomid:example.com` or a room alias in
-		/// the format of `#roomalias:example.com`
-		room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>,
-	},
-
-	/// - List of all rooms we have banned
-	ListBannedRooms,
+pub(super) async fn process(command: RoomModerationCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match command {
+		RoomModerationCommand::BanRoom {
+			force,
+			room,
+			disable_federation,
+		} => ban_room(body, force, room, disable_federation).await,
+		RoomModerationCommand::BanListOfRooms {
+			force,
+			disable_federation,
+		} => ban_list_of_rooms(body, force, disable_federation).await,
+		RoomModerationCommand::UnbanRoom {
+			room,
+			enable_federation,
+		} => unban_room(body, room, enable_federation).await,
+		RoomModerationCommand::ListBannedRooms => list_banned_rooms(body).await,
+	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
 async fn ban_room(
-	&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, force: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>, disable_federation: bool,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	debug!("Got room alias or ID: {}", room);

-	let admin_room_alias = &self.services.globals.admin_alias;
+	let admin_room_alias = &services().globals.admin_alias;

-	if let Some(admin_room_id) = self.services.admin.get_admin_room()? {
+	if let Some(admin_room_id) = Service::get_admin_room()? {
 		if room.to_string().eq(&admin_room_id) || room.to_string().eq(admin_room_alias) {
 			return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Not allowed to ban the admin room."));
 		}
@@ -90,7 +50,7 @@ async fn ban_room(

 		debug!("Room specified is a room ID, banning room ID");

-		self.services.rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, true)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, true)?;

 		room_id
 	} else if room.is_room_alias_id() {
@@ -109,13 +69,12 @@ async fn ban_room(
 			 get_alias_helper to fetch room ID remotely"
 		);

-		let room_id = if let Some(room_id) = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
+		let room_id = if let Some(room_id) = services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
 			room_id
 		} else {
 			debug!("We don't have this room alias to a room ID locally, attempting to fetch room ID over federation");

-			match self
-				.services
+			match services()
 				.rooms
 				.alias
 				.resolve_alias(&room_alias, None)
@@ -133,7 +92,7 @@ async fn ban_room(
 			}
 		};

-		self.services.rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, true)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, true)?;

 		room_id
 	} else {
@@ -145,21 +104,20 @@ async fn ban_room(

 	debug!("Making all users leave the room {}", &room);
 	if force {
-		for local_user in self
-			.services
+		for local_user in services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.room_members(&room_id)
 			.filter_map(|user| {
 				user.ok().filter(|local_user| {
-					self.services.globals.user_is_local(local_user)
+					user_is_local(local_user)
 								// additional wrapped check here is to avoid adding remote users
 								// who are in the admin room to the list of local users (would
 								// fail auth check)
-								&& (self.services.globals.user_is_local(local_user)
+								&& (user_is_local(local_user)
 									// since this is a force operation, assume user is an admin
 									// if somehow this fails
-									&& self.services
+									&& services()
 										.users
 										.is_admin(local_user)
 										.unwrap_or(true))
@@ -170,31 +128,30 @@ async fn ban_room(
 				&local_user, &room_id
 			);

-			if let Err(e) = leave_room(self.services, &local_user, &room_id, None).await {
+			if let Err(e) = leave_room(&local_user, &room_id, None).await {
 				warn!(%e, "Failed to leave room");
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		for local_user in self
-			.services
+		for local_user in services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.room_members(&room_id)
 			.filter_map(|user| {
 				user.ok().filter(|local_user| {
-					local_user.server_name() == self.services.globals.server_name()
+					local_user.server_name() == services().globals.server_name()
 								// additional wrapped check here is to avoid adding remote users
 								// who are in the admin room to the list of local users (would fail auth check)
 								&& (local_user.server_name()
-									== self.services.globals.server_name()
-									&& !self.services
+									== services().globals.server_name()
+									&& !services()
 										.users
 										.is_admin(local_user)
 										.unwrap_or(false))
 				})
 			}) {
 			debug!("Attempting leave for user {} in room {}", &local_user, &room_id);
-			if let Err(e) = leave_room(self.services, &local_user, &room_id, None).await {
+			if let Err(e) = leave_room(&local_user, &room_id, None).await {
 				error!(
 					"Error attempting to make local user {} leave room {} during room banning: {}",
 					&local_user, &room_id, e
@@ -209,7 +166,7 @@ async fn ban_room(
 	}

 	if disable_federation {
-		self.services.rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Room banned, removed all our local users, and disabled incoming federation with room.",
 		));
@@ -221,22 +178,19 @@ async fn ban_room(
 	))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+async fn ban_list_of_rooms(body: Vec<&str>, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let rooms_s = self
-		.body
-		.to_vec()
-		.drain(1..self.body.len().saturating_sub(1))
+	let rooms_s = body
+		.clone()
+		.drain(1..body.len().saturating_sub(1))
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

-	let admin_room_alias = &self.services.globals.admin_alias;
+	let admin_room_alias = &services().globals.admin_alias;

 	let mut room_ban_count: usize = 0;
 	let mut room_ids: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = Vec::new();
@@ -244,7 +198,7 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 	for &room in &rooms_s {
 		match <&RoomOrAliasId>::try_from(room) {
 			Ok(room_alias_or_id) => {
-				if let Some(admin_room_id) = self.services.admin.get_admin_room()? {
+				if let Some(admin_room_id) = Service::get_admin_room()? {
 					if room.to_owned().eq(&admin_room_id) || room.to_owned().eq(admin_room_alias) {
 						info!("User specified admin room in bulk ban list, ignoring");
 						continue;
@@ -277,7 +231,7 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 					match RoomAliasId::parse(room_alias_or_id) {
 						Ok(room_alias) => {
 							let room_id =
-								if let Some(room_id) = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
+								if let Some(room_id) = services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
 									room_id
 								} else {
 									debug!(
@@ -285,8 +239,7 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 										 ID over federation"
 									);

-									match self
-										.services
+									match services()
 										.rooms
 										.alias
 										.resolve_alias(&room_alias, None)
@@ -350,35 +303,28 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 	}

 	for room_id in room_ids {
-		if self
-			.services
-			.rooms
-			.metadata
-			.ban_room(&room_id, true)
-			.is_ok()
-		{
+		if services().rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, true).is_ok() {
 			debug!("Banned {room_id} successfully");
 			room_ban_count = room_ban_count.saturating_add(1);
 		}

 		debug!("Making all users leave the room {}", &room_id);
 		if force {
-			for local_user in self
-				.services
+			for local_user in services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.room_members(&room_id)
 				.filter_map(|user| {
 					user.ok().filter(|local_user| {
-						local_user.server_name() == self.services.globals.server_name()
+						local_user.server_name() == services().globals.server_name()
 										// additional wrapped check here is to avoid adding remote
 										// users who are in the admin room to the list of local
 										// users (would fail auth check)
 										&& (local_user.server_name()
-											== self.services.globals.server_name()
+											== services().globals.server_name()
 											// since this is a force operation, assume user is an
 											// admin if somehow this fails
-											&& self.services
+											&& services()
 												.users
 												.is_admin(local_user)
 												.unwrap_or(true))
@@ -388,32 +334,31 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 					"Attempting leave for user {} in room {} (forced, ignoring all errors, evicting admins too)",
 					&local_user, room_id
 				);
-				if let Err(e) = leave_room(self.services, &local_user, &room_id, None).await {
+				if let Err(e) = leave_room(&local_user, &room_id, None).await {
 					warn!(%e, "Failed to leave room");
 				}
 			}
 		} else {
-			for local_user in self
-				.services
+			for local_user in services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
 				.room_members(&room_id)
 				.filter_map(|user| {
 					user.ok().filter(|local_user| {
-						local_user.server_name() == self.services.globals.server_name()
+						local_user.server_name() == services().globals.server_name()
 										// additional wrapped check here is to avoid adding remote
 										// users who are in the admin room to the list of local
 										// users (would fail auth check)
 										&& (local_user.server_name()
-											== self.services.globals.server_name()
-											&& !self.services
+											== services().globals.server_name()
+											&& !services()
 												.users
 												.is_admin(local_user)
 												.unwrap_or(false))
 					})
 				}) {
 				debug!("Attempting leave for user {} in room {}", &local_user, &room_id);
-				if let Err(e) = leave_room(self.services, &local_user, &room_id, None).await {
+				if let Err(e) = leave_room(&local_user, &room_id, None).await {
 					error!(
 						"Error attempting to make local user {} leave room {} during bulk room banning: {}",
 						&local_user, &room_id, e
@@ -429,7 +374,7 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 		}

 		if disable_federation {
-			self.services.rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
+			services().rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, true)?;
 		}
 	}

@@ -445,8 +390,9 @@ async fn ban_list_of_rooms(&self, force: bool, disable_federation: bool) -> Resu
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+async fn unban_room(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>, enable_federation: bool,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let room_id = if room.is_room_id() {
 		let room_id = match RoomId::parse(&room) {
 			Ok(room_id) => room_id,
@@ -460,7 +406,7 @@ async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) ->

 		debug!("Room specified is a room ID, unbanning room ID");

-		self.services.rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, false)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, false)?;

 		room_id
 	} else if room.is_room_alias_id() {
@@ -479,13 +425,12 @@ async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) ->
 			 get_alias_helper to fetch room ID remotely"
 		);

-		let room_id = if let Some(room_id) = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
+		let room_id = if let Some(room_id) = services().rooms.alias.resolve_local_alias(&room_alias)? {
 			room_id
 		} else {
 			debug!("We don't have this room alias to a room ID locally, attempting to fetch room ID over federation");

-			match self
-				.services
+			match services()
 				.rooms
 				.alias
 				.resolve_alias(&room_alias, None)
@@ -503,7 +448,7 @@ async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) ->
 			}
 		};

-		self.services.rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, false)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.ban_room(&room_id, false)?;

 		room_id
 	} else {
@@ -514,7 +459,7 @@ async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) ->
 	};

 	if enable_federation {
-		self.services.rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, false)?;
+		services().rooms.metadata.disable_room(&room_id, false)?;
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Room unbanned."));
 	}

@@ -524,10 +469,8 @@ async fn unban_room(&self, enable_federation: bool, room: Box<RoomOrAliasId>) ->
 	))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-async fn list_banned_rooms(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let rooms = self
-		.services
+async fn list_banned_rooms(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let rooms = services()
 		.rooms
 		.metadata
 		.list_banned_rooms()
@@ -541,7 +484,7 @@ async fn list_banned_rooms(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {

 			let mut rooms = room_ids
 				.into_iter()
-				.map(|room_id| get_room_info(self.services, &room_id))
+				.map(|room_id| get_room_info(&room_id))
 				.collect::<Vec<_>>();
 			rooms.sort_by_key(|r| r.1);
 			rooms.reverse();
@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
-use std::{fmt::Write, sync::Arc};
-
-use conduit::{info, utils::time, warn, Err, Result};
+use conduit::{utils::time, warn, Err, Result};
 use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::admin_command;
+use crate::services;

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn uptime(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let elapsed = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn uptime(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let elapsed = services()
 		.server
 		.started
 		.elapsed()
@@ -18,58 +14,14 @@ pub(super) async fn uptime(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!("{result}.")))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn show_config(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn show_config(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// Construct and send the response
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("{}", self.services.globals.config)))
+	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("{}", services().globals.config)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_features(
-	&self, available: bool, enabled: bool, comma: bool,
-) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let delim = if comma {
-		","
-	} else {
-		" "
-	};
-	if enabled && !available {
-		let features = info::rustc::features().join(delim);
-		let out = format!("`\n{features}\n`");
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(out));
-	}
-
-	if available && !enabled {
-		let features = info::cargo::features().join(delim);
-		let out = format!("`\n{features}\n`");
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(out));
-	}
-
-	let mut features = String::new();
-	let enabled = info::rustc::features();
-	let available = info::cargo::features();
-	for feature in available {
-		let active = enabled.contains(&feature.as_str());
-		let emoji = if active {
-			"✅"
-		} else {
-			"❌"
-		};
-		let remark = if active {
-			"[enabled]"
-		} else {
-			""
-		};
-		writeln!(features, "{emoji} {feature} {remark}")?;
-	}
-
-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_markdown(features))
-}
-
-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn memory_usage(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let services_usage = self.services.memory_usage().await?;
-	let database_usage = self.services.db.db.memory_usage()?;
+pub(super) async fn memory_usage(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let services_usage = services().memory_usage().await?;
+	let database_usage = services().db.db.memory_usage()?;
 	let allocator_usage = conduit::alloc::memory_usage().map_or(String::new(), |s| format!("\nAllocator:\n{s}"));

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
@@ -77,16 +29,14 @@ pub(super) async fn memory_usage(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn clear_caches(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	self.services.clear_cache().await;
+pub(super) async fn clear_caches(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	services().clear_cache().await;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("Done."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_backups(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let result = self.services.globals.db.backup_list()?;
+pub(super) async fn list_backups(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let result = services().globals.db.backup_list()?;

 	if result.is_empty() {
 		Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain("No backups found."))
@@ -95,51 +45,46 @@ pub(super) async fn list_backups(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn backup_database(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let globals = Arc::clone(&self.services.globals);
-	let mut result = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn backup_database(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let mut result = services()
 		.server
 		.runtime()
-		.spawn_blocking(move || match globals.db.backup() {
+		.spawn_blocking(move || match services().globals.db.backup() {
 			Ok(()) => String::new(),
 			Err(e) => (*e).to_string(),
 		})
-		.await?;
+		.await
+		.unwrap();

 	if result.is_empty() {
-		result = self.services.globals.db.backup_list()?;
+		result = services().globals.db.backup_list()?;
 	}

-	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(result))
+	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(&result))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_database_files(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let result = self.services.globals.db.file_list()?;
+pub(super) async fn list_database_files(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let result = services().globals.db.file_list()?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(result))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn admin_notice(&self, message: Vec<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn admin_notice(_body: Vec<&str>, message: Vec<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	let message = message.join(" ");
-	self.services.admin.send_text(&message).await;
+	services().admin.send_text(&message).await;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain("Notice was sent to #admins"))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn reload_mods(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	self.services.server.reload()?;
+#[cfg(conduit_mods)]
+pub(super) async fn reload(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	services().server.reload()?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain("Reloading server..."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
 #[cfg(unix)]
-pub(super) async fn restart(&self, force: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn restart(_body: Vec<&str>, force: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	use conduit::utils::sys::current_exe_deleted;

 	if !force && current_exe_deleted() {
@@ -149,15 +94,14 @@ pub(super) async fn restart(&self, force: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventConten
 		);
 	}

-	self.services.server.restart()?;
+	services().server.restart()?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain("Restarting server..."))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn shutdown(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	warn!("shutdown command");
-	self.services.server.shutdown()?;
+	services().server.shutdown()?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain("Shutting down server..."))
 }
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ mod commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
+use ruma::events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent;

-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum ServerCommand {
 	/// - Time elapsed since startup
 	Uptime,
@@ -14,18 +15,6 @@ pub(super) enum ServerCommand {
 	/// - Show configuration values
 	ShowConfig,

-	/// - List the features built into the server
-	ListFeatures {
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		available: bool,
-
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		enabled: bool,
-
-		#[arg(short, long)]
-		comma: bool,
-	},
-
 	/// - Print database memory usage statistics
 	MemoryUsage,

@@ -47,9 +36,9 @@ pub(super) enum ServerCommand {
 		message: Vec<String>,
 	},

+	#[cfg(conduit_mods)]
 	/// - Hot-reload the server
-	#[clap(alias = "reload")]
-	ReloadMods,
+	Reload,

 	#[cfg(unix)]
 	/// - Restart the server
@@ -61,3 +50,25 @@ pub(super) enum ServerCommand {
 	/// - Shutdown the server
 	Shutdown,
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: ServerCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		ServerCommand::Uptime => uptime(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::ShowConfig => show_config(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::MemoryUsage => memory_usage(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::ClearCaches => clear_caches(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::ListBackups => list_backups(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::BackupDatabase => backup_database(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::ListDatabaseFiles => list_database_files(body).await?,
+		ServerCommand::AdminNotice {
+			message,
+		} => admin_notice(body, message).await?,
+		#[cfg(conduit_mods)]
+		ServerCommand::Reload => reload(body).await?,
+		#[cfg(unix)]
+		ServerCommand::Restart {
+			force,
+		} => restart(body, force).await?,
+		ServerCommand::Shutdown => shutdown(body).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fn get_help_subcommand() { get_help_inner("help"); }
 fn get_help_inner(input: &str) {
 	use clap::Parser;

-	use crate::admin::AdminCommand;
+	use crate::handler::AdminCommand;

 	let Err(error) = AdminCommand::try_parse_from(["argv[0] doesn't matter", input]) else {
 		panic!("no error!");
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use std::{collections::BTreeMap, fmt::Write as _};

 use api::client::{join_room_by_id_helper, leave_all_rooms, update_avatar_url, update_displayname};
-use conduit::{error, info, utils, warn, Result};
+use conduit::{utils, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	events::{
 		room::message::RoomMessageEventContent,
@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 	OwnedRoomId, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, OwnedUserId, RoomId,
 };
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};

 use crate::{
-	admin_command, escape_html, get_room_info,
+	escape_html, get_room_info, services,
 	utils::{parse_active_local_user_id, parse_local_user_id},
 };

 const AUTO_GEN_PASSWORD_LENGTH: usize = 25;

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_users(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	match self.services.users.list_local_users() {
+pub(super) async fn list(_body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	match services().users.list_local_users() {
 		Ok(users) => {
 			let mut plain_msg = format!("Found {} local user account(s):\n```\n", users.len());
 			plain_msg += users.join("\n").as_str();
@@ -32,51 +32,43 @@ pub(super) async fn list_users(&self) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn create_user(&self, username: String, password: Option<String>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn create(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, username: String, password: Option<String>,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// Validate user id
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &username)?;
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&username)?;

-	if self.services.users.exists(&user_id)? {
+	if services().users.exists(&user_id)? {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Userid {user_id} already exists")));
 	}

-	if user_id.is_historical() {
-		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
-			"User ID {user_id} does not conform to new Matrix identifier spec"
-		)));
-	}
-
 	let password = password.unwrap_or_else(|| utils::random_string(AUTO_GEN_PASSWORD_LENGTH));

 	// Create user
-	self.services
-		.users
-		.create(&user_id, Some(password.as_str()))?;
+	services().users.create(&user_id, Some(password.as_str()))?;

 	// Default to pretty displayname
 	let mut displayname = user_id.localpart().to_owned();

 	// If `new_user_displayname_suffix` is set, registration will push whatever
 	// content is set to the user's display name with a space before it
-	if !self
-		.services
+	if !services()
 		.globals
 		.config
 		.new_user_displayname_suffix
 		.is_empty()
 	{
-		write!(displayname, " {}", self.services.globals.config.new_user_displayname_suffix)
+		write!(displayname, " {}", services().globals.config.new_user_displayname_suffix)
 			.expect("should be able to write to string buffer");
 	}

-	self.services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_displayname(&user_id, Some(displayname))
 		.await?;

 	// Initial account data
-	self.services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		&user_id,
 		ruma::events::GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules
@@ -90,13 +82,12 @@ pub(super) async fn create_user(&self, username: String, password: Option<String
 		.expect("to json value always works"),
 	)?;

-	if !self.services.globals.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty() {
-		for room in &self.services.globals.config.auto_join_rooms {
-			if !self
-				.services
+	if !services().globals.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty() {
+		for room in &services().globals.config.auto_join_rooms {
+			if !services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
-				.server_in_room(self.services.globals.server_name(), room)?
+				.server_in_room(services().globals.server_name(), room)?
 			{
 				warn!("Skipping room {room} to automatically join as we have never joined before.");
 				continue;
@@ -104,11 +95,10 @@ pub(super) async fn create_user(&self, username: String, password: Option<String

 			if let Some(room_id_server_name) = room.server_name() {
 				match join_room_by_id_helper(
-					self.services,
 					&user_id,
 					room,
 					Some("Automatically joining this room upon registration".to_owned()),
-					&[room_id_server_name.to_owned(), self.services.globals.server_name().to_owned()],
+					&[room_id_server_name.to_owned(), services().globals.server_name().to_owned()],
 					None,
 				)
 				.await
@@ -133,38 +123,38 @@ pub(super) async fn create_user(&self, username: String, password: Option<String
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn deactivate(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn deactivate(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, no_leave_rooms: bool, user_id: String,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// Validate user id
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&user_id)?;

 	// don't deactivate the server service account
-	if user_id == self.services.globals.server_user {
+	if user_id == services().globals.server_user {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to deactivate the server service account.",
 		));
 	}

-	self.services.users.deactivate_account(&user_id)?;
+	services().users.deactivate_account(&user_id)?;

 	if !no_leave_rooms {
-		self.services
+		services()
 			.admin
 			.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 				"Making {user_id} leave all rooms after deactivation..."
 			)))
 			.await;

-		let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = self
-			.services
+		let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.rooms_joined(&user_id)
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
 			.collect();
-		update_displayname(self.services, user_id.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
-		update_avatar_url(self.services, user_id.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;
-		leave_all_rooms(self.services, &user_id).await;
+		update_displayname(user_id.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
+		update_avatar_url(user_id.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;
+		leave_all_rooms(&user_id).await;
 	}

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
@@ -172,11 +162,10 @@ pub(super) async fn deactivate(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, user_id: String) ->
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn reset_password(&self, username: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &username)?;
+pub(super) async fn reset_password(_body: Vec<&str>, username: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&username)?;

-	if user_id == self.services.globals.server_user {
+	if user_id == services().globals.server_user {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Not allowed to set the password for the server account. Please use the emergency password config option.",
 		));
@@ -184,8 +173,7 @@ pub(super) async fn reset_password(&self, username: String) -> Result<RoomMessag

 	let new_password = utils::random_string(AUTO_GEN_PASSWORD_LENGTH);

-	match self
-		.services
+	match services()
 		.users
 		.set_password(&user_id, Some(new_password.as_str()))
 	{
@@ -198,29 +186,28 @@ pub(super) async fn reset_password(&self, username: String) -> Result<RoomMessag
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	if self.body.len() < 2 || !self.body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || self.body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```"
-	{
+pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(
+	body: Vec<&str>, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	if body.len() < 2 || !body[0].trim().starts_with("```") || body.last().unwrap_or(&"").trim() != "```" {
 		return Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(
 			"Expected code block in command body. Add --help for details.",
 		));
 	}

-	let usernames = self
-		.body
-		.to_vec()
-		.drain(1..self.body.len().saturating_sub(1))
+	let usernames = body
+		.clone()
+		.drain(1..body.len().saturating_sub(1))
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	let mut user_ids: Vec<OwnedUserId> = Vec::with_capacity(usernames.len());
 	let mut admins = Vec::new();

 	for username in usernames {
-		match parse_active_local_user_id(self.services, username) {
+		match parse_active_local_user_id(username) {
 			Ok(user_id) => {
-				if self.services.users.is_admin(&user_id)? && !force {
-					self.services
+				if services().users.is_admin(&user_id)? && !force {
+					services()
 						.admin
 						.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 							"{username} is an admin and --force is not set, skipping over"
@@ -231,8 +218,8 @@ pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool) ->
 				}

 				// don't deactivate the server service account
-				if user_id == self.services.globals.server_user {
-					self.services
+				if user_id == services().globals.server_user {
+					services()
 						.admin
 						.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 							"{username} is the server service account, skipping over"
@@ -244,7 +231,7 @@ pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool) ->
 				user_ids.push(user_id);
 			},
 			Err(e) => {
-				self.services
+				services()
 					.admin
 					.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!(
 						"{username} is not a valid username, skipping over: {e}"
@@ -258,25 +245,24 @@ pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool) ->
 	let mut deactivation_count: usize = 0;

 	for user_id in user_ids {
-		match self.services.users.deactivate_account(&user_id) {
+		match services().users.deactivate_account(&user_id) {
 			Ok(()) => {
 				deactivation_count = deactivation_count.saturating_add(1);
 				if !no_leave_rooms {
 					info!("Forcing user {user_id} to leave all rooms apart of deactivate-all");
-					let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = self
-						.services
+					let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_cache
 						.rooms_joined(&user_id)
 						.filter_map(Result::ok)
 						.collect();
-					update_displayname(self.services, user_id.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
-					update_avatar_url(self.services, user_id.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;
-					leave_all_rooms(self.services, &user_id).await;
+					update_displayname(user_id.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
+					update_avatar_url(user_id.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;
+					leave_all_rooms(&user_id).await;
 				}
 			},
 			Err(e) => {
-				self.services
+				services()
 					.admin
 					.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::text_plain(format!("Failed deactivating user: {e}")))
 					.await;
@@ -297,18 +283,16 @@ pub(super) async fn deactivate_all(&self, no_leave_rooms: bool, force: bool) ->
 	}
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn list_joined_rooms(&self, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+pub(super) async fn list_joined_rooms(_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
 	// Validate user id
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&user_id)?;

-	let mut rooms: Vec<(OwnedRoomId, u64, String)> = self
-		.services
+	let mut rooms: Vec<(OwnedRoomId, u64, String)> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(&user_id)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
-		.map(|room_id| get_room_info(self.services, &room_id))
+		.map(|room_id| get_room_info(&room_id))
 		.collect();

 	if rooms.is_empty() {
@@ -350,55 +334,41 @@ pub(super) async fn list_joined_rooms(&self, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMess
 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::text_html(output_plain, output_html))
 }

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn force_join_room(
-	&self, user_id: String, room_id: OwnedRoomOrAliasId,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String, room_id: OwnedRoomOrAliasId,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
-	let room_id = self.services.rooms.alias.resolve(&room_id).await?;
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&user_id)?;
+	let room_id = services().rooms.alias.resolve(&room_id).await?;

-	assert!(
-		self.services.globals.user_is_local(&user_id),
-		"Parsed user_id must be a local user"
-	);
-	join_room_by_id_helper(self.services, &user_id, &room_id, None, &[], None).await?;
+	assert!(service::user_is_local(&user_id), "Parsed user_id must be a local user");
+	join_room_by_id_helper(&user_id, &room_id, None, &[], None).await?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 		"{user_id} has been joined to {room_id}.",
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn make_user_admin(&self, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
-	let displayname = self
-		.services
+pub(super) async fn make_user_admin(_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(&user_id)?;
+	let displayname = services()
 		.users
 		.displayname(&user_id)?
 		.unwrap_or_else(|| user_id.to_string());

-	assert!(
-		self.services.globals.user_is_local(&user_id),
-		"Parsed user_id must be a local user"
-	);
-	self.services
-		.admin
-		.make_user_admin(&user_id, displayname)
-		.await?;
+	assert!(service::user_is_local(&user_id), "Parsed user_id must be a local user");
+	service::admin::make_user_admin(&user_id, displayname).await?;

 	Ok(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_markdown(format!(
 		"{user_id} has been granted admin privileges.",
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn put_room_tag(
-	&self, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>, tag: String,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>, tag: String,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
+	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(&user_id)?;

-	let event = self
-		.services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&room_id), &user_id, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -416,7 +386,7 @@ pub(super) async fn put_room_tag(
 		.tags
 		.insert(tag.clone().into(), TagInfo::new());

-	self.services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		Some(&room_id),
 		&user_id,
 		RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag,
@@ -428,14 +398,12 @@ pub(super) async fn put_room_tag(
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
 pub(super) async fn delete_room_tag(
-	&self, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>, tag: String,
+	_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>, tag: String,
 ) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
+	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(&user_id)?;

-	let event = self
-		.services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&room_id), &user_id, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -450,7 +418,7 @@ pub(super) async fn delete_room_tag(

 	tags_event.content.tags.remove(&tag.clone().into());

-	self.services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		Some(&room_id),
 		&user_id,
 		RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag,
@@ -462,12 +430,12 @@ pub(super) async fn delete_room_tag(
 	)))
 }

-#[admin_command]
-pub(super) async fn get_room_tags(&self, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
-	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(self.services, &user_id)?;
+pub(super) async fn get_room_tags(
+	_body: Vec<&str>, user_id: String, room_id: Box<RoomId>,
+) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	let user_id = parse_active_local_user_id(&user_id)?;

-	let event = self
-		.services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&room_id), &user_id, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -2,16 +2,15 @@ mod commands;

 use clap::Subcommand;
 use conduit::Result;
-use ruma::{OwnedRoomOrAliasId, RoomId};
+use ruma::{events::room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, OwnedRoomOrAliasId, RoomId};

-use crate::admin_command_dispatch;
+use self::commands::*;

-#[admin_command_dispatch]
-#[derive(Debug, Subcommand)]
+#[cfg_attr(test, derive(Debug))]
+#[derive(Subcommand)]
 pub(super) enum UserCommand {
 	/// - Create a new user
-	#[clap(alias = "create")]
-	CreateUser {
+	Create {
 		/// Username of the new user
 		username: String,
 		/// Password of the new user, if unspecified one is generated
@@ -58,8 +57,7 @@ pub(super) enum UserCommand {
 	},

 	/// - List local users in the database
-	#[clap(alias = "list")]
-	ListUsers,
+	List,

 	/// - Lists all the rooms (local and remote) that the specified user is
 	///   joined in
@@ -104,3 +102,48 @@ pub(super) enum UserCommand {
 		room_id: Box<RoomId>,
 	},
 }
+
+pub(super) async fn process(command: UserCommand, body: Vec<&str>) -> Result<RoomMessageEventContent> {
+	Ok(match command {
+		UserCommand::List => list(body).await?,
+		UserCommand::Create {
+			username,
+			password,
+		} => create(body, username, password).await?,
+		UserCommand::Deactivate {
+			no_leave_rooms,
+			user_id,
+		} => deactivate(body, no_leave_rooms, user_id).await?,
+		UserCommand::ResetPassword {
+			username,
+		} => reset_password(body, username).await?,
+		UserCommand::DeactivateAll {
+			no_leave_rooms,
+			force,
+		} => deactivate_all(body, no_leave_rooms, force).await?,
+		UserCommand::ListJoinedRooms {
+			user_id,
+		} => list_joined_rooms(body, user_id).await?,
+		UserCommand::ForceJoinRoom {
+			user_id,
+			room_id,
+		} => force_join_room(body, user_id, room_id).await?,
+		UserCommand::MakeUserAdmin {
+			user_id,
+		} => make_user_admin(body, user_id).await?,
+		UserCommand::PutRoomTag {
+			user_id,
+			room_id,
+			tag,
+		} => put_room_tag(body, user_id, room_id, tag).await?,
+		UserCommand::DeleteRoomTag {
+			user_id,
+			room_id,
+			tag,
+		} => delete_room_tag(body, user_id, room_id, tag).await?,
+		UserCommand::GetRoomTags {
+			user_id,
+			room_id,
+		} => get_room_tags(body, user_id, room_id).await?,
+	})
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use conduit_core::{err, Err, Result};
+use conduit_core::{err, Err};
 use ruma::{OwnedRoomId, OwnedUserId, RoomId, UserId};
-use service::Services;
+use service::user_is_local;
+
+use crate::{services, Result};

 pub(crate) fn escape_html(s: &str) -> String {
 	s.replace('&', "&amp;")
@@ -8,17 +10,17 @@ pub(crate) fn escape_html(s: &str) -> String {
 		.replace('>', "&gt;")
 }

-pub(crate) fn get_room_info(services: &Services, id: &RoomId) -> (OwnedRoomId, u64, String) {
+pub(crate) fn get_room_info(id: &RoomId) -> (OwnedRoomId, u64, String) {
 	(
 		id.into(),
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.room_joined_count(id)
 			.ok()
 			.flatten()
 			.unwrap_or(0),
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_name(id)
@@ -29,16 +31,16 @@ pub(crate) fn get_room_info(services: &Services, id: &RoomId) -> (OwnedRoomId, u
 }

 /// Parses user ID
-pub(crate) fn parse_user_id(services: &Services, user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
-	UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services.globals.server_name())
+pub(crate) fn parse_user_id(user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
+	UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services().globals.server_name())
 		.map_err(|e| err!("The supplied username is not a valid username: {e}"))
 }

 /// Parses user ID as our local user
-pub(crate) fn parse_local_user_id(services: &Services, user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
-	let user_id = parse_user_id(services, user_id)?;
+pub(crate) fn parse_local_user_id(user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
+	let user_id = parse_user_id(user_id)?;

-	if !services.globals.user_is_local(&user_id) {
+	if !user_is_local(&user_id) {
 		return Err!("User {user_id:?} does not belong to our server.");
 	}

@@ -46,14 +48,14 @@ pub(crate) fn parse_local_user_id(services: &Services, user_id: &str) -> Result<
 }

 /// Parses user ID that is an active (not guest or deactivated) local user
-pub(crate) fn parse_active_local_user_id(services: &Services, user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
-	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(services, user_id)?;
+pub(crate) fn parse_active_local_user_id(user_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedUserId> {
+	let user_id = parse_local_user_id(user_id)?;

-	if !services.users.exists(&user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&user_id)? {
 		return Err!("User {user_id:?} does not exist on this server.");
 	}

-	if services.users.is_deactivated(&user_id)? {
+	if services().users.is_deactivated(&user_id)? {
 		return Err!("User {user_id:?} is deactivated.");
 	}

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ hmac.workspace = true
 http.workspace = true
 http-body-util.workspace = true
 hyper.workspace = true
+image.workspace = true
 ipaddress.workspace = true
 jsonwebtoken.workspace = true
 log.workspace = true
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ serde.workspace = true
 sha-1.workspace = true
 tokio.workspace = true
 tracing.workspace = true
+webpage.workspace = true

 [lints]
 workspace = true
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use std::fmt::Write;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduit::{debug_info, error, info, utils, warn, Error, Result};
+use conduit::debug_info;
 use register::RegistrationKind;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
@@ -18,9 +17,15 @@ use ruma::{
 	events::{room::message::RoomMessageEventContent, GlobalAccountDataEventType},
 	push, OwnedRoomId, UserId,
 };
+use tracing::{error, info, warn};

 use super::{join_room_by_id_helper, DEVICE_ID_LENGTH, SESSION_ID_LENGTH, TOKEN_LENGTH};
-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{
+	service::user_is_local,
+	services,
+	utils::{self},
+	Error, Result, Ruma,
+};

 const RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH: usize = 10;

@@ -37,21 +42,20 @@ const RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH: usize = 10;
 /// invalid when trying to register
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "register_available")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_register_available_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_username_availability::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_username_availability::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_username_availability::v3::Response> {
 	// Validate user id
-	let user_id = UserId::parse_with_server_name(body.username.to_lowercase(), services.globals.server_name())
+	let user_id = UserId::parse_with_server_name(body.username.to_lowercase(), services().globals.server_name())
 		.ok()
-		.filter(|user_id| !user_id.is_historical() && services.globals.user_is_local(user_id))
+		.filter(|user_id| !user_id.is_historical() && user_is_local(user_id))
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidUsername, "Username is invalid."))?;

 	// Check if username is creative enough
-	if services.users.exists(&user_id)? {
+	if services().users.exists(&user_id)? {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::UserInUse, "Desired user ID is already taken."));
 	}

-	if services
+	if services()
 		.globals
 		.forbidden_usernames()
 		.is_match(user_id.localpart())
@@ -87,9 +91,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_register_available_route(
 #[allow(clippy::doc_markdown)]
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "register")]
 pub(crate) async fn register_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<register::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<register::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<register::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.allow_registration() && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
+	if !services().globals.allow_registration() && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
 		info!(
 			"Registration disabled and request not from known appservice, rejecting registration attempt for username \
 			 {:?}",
@@ -101,8 +105,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	let is_guest = body.kind == RegistrationKind::Guest;

 	if is_guest
-		&& (!services.globals.allow_guest_registration()
-			|| (services.globals.allow_registration() && services.globals.config.registration_token.is_some()))
+		&& (!services().globals.allow_guest_registration()
+			|| (services().globals.allow_registration() && services().globals.config.registration_token.is_some()))
 	{
 		info!(
 			"Guest registration disabled / registration enabled with token configured, rejecting guest registration \
@@ -117,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(

 	// forbid guests from registering if there is not a real admin user yet. give
 	// generic user error.
-	if is_guest && services.users.count()? < 2 {
+	if is_guest && services().users.count()? < 2 {
 		warn!(
 			"Guest account attempted to register before a real admin user has been registered, rejecting \
 			 registration. Guest's initial device name: {:?}",
@@ -129,16 +133,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	let user_id = match (&body.username, is_guest) {
 		(Some(username), false) => {
 			let proposed_user_id =
-				UserId::parse_with_server_name(username.to_lowercase(), services.globals.server_name())
+				UserId::parse_with_server_name(username.to_lowercase(), services().globals.server_name())
 					.ok()
-					.filter(|user_id| !user_id.is_historical() && services.globals.user_is_local(user_id))
+					.filter(|user_id| !user_id.is_historical() && user_is_local(user_id))
 					.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidUsername, "Username is invalid."))?;

-			if services.users.exists(&proposed_user_id)? {
+			if services().users.exists(&proposed_user_id)? {
 				return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::UserInUse, "Desired user ID is already taken."));
 			}

-			if services
+			if services()
 				.globals
 				.forbidden_usernames()
 				.is_match(proposed_user_id.localpart())
@@ -151,10 +155,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		_ => loop {
 			let proposed_user_id = UserId::parse_with_server_name(
 				utils::random_string(RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH).to_lowercase(),
-				services.globals.server_name(),
+				services().globals.server_name(),
 			)
 			.unwrap();
-			if !services.users.exists(&proposed_user_id)? {
+			if !services().users.exists(&proposed_user_id)? {
 				break proposed_user_id;
 			}
 		},
@@ -168,13 +172,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		} else {
 			return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::MissingToken, "Missing appservice token."));
 		}
-	} else if services.appservice.is_exclusive_user_id(&user_id).await {
+	} else if services().appservice.is_exclusive_user_id(&user_id).await {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Exclusive, "User ID reserved by appservice."));
 	}

 	// UIAA
 	let mut uiaainfo;
-	let skip_auth = if services.globals.config.registration_token.is_some() {
+	let skip_auth = if services().globals.config.registration_token.is_some() {
 		// Registration token required
 		uiaainfo = UiaaInfo {
 			flows: vec![AuthFlow {
@@ -202,8 +206,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(

 	if !skip_auth {
 		if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-			let (worked, uiaainfo) = services.uiaa.try_auth(
-				&UserId::parse_with_server_name("", services.globals.server_name()).expect("we know this is valid"),
+			let (worked, uiaainfo) = services().uiaa.try_auth(
+				&UserId::parse_with_server_name("", services().globals.server_name()).expect("we know this is valid"),
 				"".into(),
 				auth,
 				&uiaainfo,
@@ -214,8 +218,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 		// Success!
 		} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 			uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-			services.uiaa.create(
-				&UserId::parse_with_server_name("", services.globals.server_name()).expect("we know this is valid"),
+			services().uiaa.create(
+				&UserId::parse_with_server_name("", services().globals.server_name()).expect("we know this is valid"),
 				"".into(),
 				&uiaainfo,
 				&json,
@@ -233,25 +237,25 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	};

 	// Create user
-	services.users.create(&user_id, password)?;
+	services().users.create(&user_id, password)?;

 	// Default to pretty displayname
 	let mut displayname = user_id.localpart().to_owned();

 	// If `new_user_displayname_suffix` is set, registration will push whatever
 	// content is set to the user's display name with a space before it
-	if !services.globals.new_user_displayname_suffix().is_empty() {
-		write!(displayname, " {}", services.globals.config.new_user_displayname_suffix)
+	if !services().globals.new_user_displayname_suffix().is_empty() {
+		write!(displayname, " {}", services().globals.config.new_user_displayname_suffix)
 			.expect("should be able to write to string buffer");
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_displayname(&user_id, Some(displayname.clone()))
 		.await?;

 	// Initial account data
-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		&user_id,
 		GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -286,7 +290,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	let token = utils::random_string(TOKEN_LENGTH);

 	// Create device for this account
-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.create_device(&user_id, &device_id, &token, body.initial_device_display_name.clone())?;

@@ -295,7 +299,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	// log in conduit admin channel if a non-guest user registered
 	if body.appservice_info.is_none() && !is_guest {
 		info!("New user \"{user_id}\" registered on this server.");
-		services
+		services()
 			.admin
 			.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 				"New user \"{user_id}\" registered on this server from IP {client}."
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	}

 	// log in conduit admin channel if a guest registered
-	if body.appservice_info.is_none() && is_guest && services.globals.log_guest_registrations() {
+	if body.appservice_info.is_none() && is_guest && services().globals.log_guest_registrations() {
 		info!("New guest user \"{user_id}\" registered on this server.");

 		if let Some(device_display_name) = &body.initial_device_display_name {
@@ -313,7 +317,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 				.as_ref()
 				.is_some_and(|device_display_name| !device_display_name.is_empty())
 			{
-				services
+				services()
 					.admin
 					.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 						"Guest user \"{user_id}\" with device display name `{device_display_name}` registered on this \
@@ -321,7 +325,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 					)))
 					.await;
 			} else {
-				services
+				services()
 					.admin
 					.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 						"Guest user \"{user_id}\" with no device display name registered on this server from IP \
@@ -330,7 +334,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 					.await;
 			}
 		} else {
-			services
+			services()
 				.admin
 				.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 					"Guest user \"{user_id}\" with no device display name registered on this server from IP {client}.",
@@ -342,12 +346,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	// If this is the first real user, grant them admin privileges except for guest
 	// users Note: the server user, @conduit:servername, is generated first
 	if !is_guest {
-		if let Some(admin_room) = services.admin.get_admin_room()? {
-			if services.rooms.state_cache.room_joined_count(&admin_room)? == Some(1) {
-				services
-					.admin
-					.make_user_admin(&user_id, displayname)
-					.await?;
+		if let Some(admin_room) = service::admin::Service::get_admin_room()? {
+			if services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.room_joined_count(&admin_room)?
+				== Some(1)
+			{
+				service::admin::make_user_admin(&user_id, displayname).await?;

 				warn!("Granting {user_id} admin privileges as the first user");
 			}
@@ -355,14 +361,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 	}

 	if body.appservice_info.is_none()
-		&& !services.globals.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty()
-		&& (services.globals.allow_guests_auto_join_rooms() || !is_guest)
+		&& !services().globals.config.auto_join_rooms.is_empty()
+		&& (services().globals.allow_guests_auto_join_rooms() || !is_guest)
 	{
-		for room in &services.globals.config.auto_join_rooms {
-			if !services
+		for room in &services().globals.config.auto_join_rooms {
+			if !services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_cache
-				.server_in_room(services.globals.server_name(), room)?
+				.server_in_room(services().globals.server_name(), room)?
 			{
 				warn!("Skipping room {room} to automatically join as we have never joined before.");
 				continue;
@@ -370,11 +376,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(

 			if let Some(room_id_server_name) = room.server_name() {
 				if let Err(e) = join_room_by_id_helper(
-					&services,
 					&user_id,
 					room,
 					Some("Automatically joining this room upon registration".to_owned()),
-					&[room_id_server_name.to_owned(), services.globals.server_name().to_owned()],
+					&[room_id_server_name.to_owned(), services().globals.server_name().to_owned()],
 					None,
 				)
 				.await
@@ -416,8 +421,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn register_route(
 /// - Triggers device list updates
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "change_password")]
 pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<change_password::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<change_password::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<change_password::v3::Response> {
 	// Authentication for this endpoint was made optional, but we need
 	// authentication currently
@@ -438,7 +442,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 	};

 	if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services
+		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services()
 			.uiaa
 			.try_auth(sender_user, sender_device, auth, &uiaainfo)?;
 		if !worked {
@@ -447,7 +451,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 	// Success!
 	} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 		uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-		services
+		services()
 			.uiaa
 			.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, &json)?;
 		return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
@@ -455,24 +459,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_password(sender_user, Some(&body.new_password))?;

 	if body.logout_devices {
 		// Logout all devices except the current one
-		for id in services
+		for id in services()
 			.users
 			.all_device_ids(sender_user)
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
 			.filter(|id| id != sender_device)
 		{
-			services.users.remove_device(sender_user, &id)?;
+			services().users.remove_device(sender_user, &id)?;
 		}
 	}

 	info!("User {sender_user} changed their password.");
-	services
+	services()
 		.admin
 		.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 			"User {sender_user} changed their password."
@@ -487,16 +491,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn change_password_route(
 /// Get `user_id` of the sender user.
 ///
 /// Note: Also works for Application Services
-pub(crate) async fn whoami_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<whoami::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<whoami::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn whoami_route(body: Ruma<whoami::v3::Request>) -> Result<whoami::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let device_id = body.sender_device.clone();

 	Ok(whoami::v3::Response {
 		user_id: sender_user.clone(),
 		device_id,
-		is_guest: services.users.is_deactivated(sender_user)? && body.appservice_info.is_none(),
+		is_guest: services().users.is_deactivated(sender_user)? && body.appservice_info.is_none(),
 	})
 }

@@ -513,8 +515,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn whoami_route(
 /// - Removes ability to log in again
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "deactivate")]
 pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<deactivate::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<deactivate::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<deactivate::v3::Response> {
 	// Authentication for this endpoint was made optional, but we need
 	// authentication currently
@@ -535,7 +536,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 	};

 	if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services
+		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services()
 			.uiaa
 			.try_auth(sender_user, sender_device, auth, &uiaainfo)?;
 		if !worked {
@@ -544,7 +545,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 	// Success!
 	} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 		uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-		services
+		services()
 			.uiaa
 			.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, &json)?;
 		return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
@@ -553,23 +554,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn deactivate_route(
 	}

 	// Remove devices and mark account as deactivated
-	services.users.deactivate_account(sender_user)?;
+	services().users.deactivate_account(sender_user)?;

 	// Remove profile pictures and display name
-	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services
+	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(sender_user)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.collect();
-	super::update_displayname(&services, sender_user.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
-	super::update_avatar_url(&services, sender_user.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;
+	super::update_displayname(sender_user.clone(), None, all_joined_rooms.clone()).await?;
+	super::update_avatar_url(sender_user.clone(), None, None, all_joined_rooms).await?;

 	// Make the user leave all rooms before deactivation
-	super::leave_all_rooms(&services, sender_user).await;
+	super::leave_all_rooms(sender_user).await;

 	info!("User {sender_user} deactivated their account.");
-	services
+	services()
 		.admin
 		.send_message(RoomMessageEventContent::notice_plain(format!(
 			"User {sender_user} deactivated their account."
@@ -631,9 +632,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn request_3pid_management_token_via_msisdn_route(
 /// Currently does not have any ratelimiting, and this isn't very practical as
 /// there is only one registration token allowed.
 pub(crate) async fn check_registration_token_validity(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<check_registration_token_validity::v1::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<check_registration_token_validity::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<check_registration_token_validity::v1::Response> {
-	let Some(reg_token) = services.globals.config.registration_token.clone() else {
+	let Some(reg_token) = services().globals.config.registration_token.clone() else {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
 			"Server does not allow token registration.",
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
-use conduit::{debug, Error, Result};
 use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
@@ -8,27 +6,21 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 	OwnedServerName, RoomAliasId, RoomId,
 };
-use service::Services;
+use tracing::debug;

-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{service::server_is_ours, services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/v3/directory/room/{roomAlias}`
 ///
 /// Creates a new room alias on this server.
-pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_alias::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<create_alias::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(body: Ruma<create_alias::v3::Request>) -> Result<create_alias::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
-		.rooms
-		.alias
-		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info)
-		.await?;
+	service::rooms::alias::appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info).await?;

 	// this isn't apart of alias_checks or delete alias route because we should
 	// allow removing forbidden room aliases
-	if services
+	if services()
 		.globals
 		.forbidden_alias_names()
 		.is_match(body.room_alias.alias())
@@ -36,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room alias is forbidden."));
 	}

-	if services
+	if services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.resolve_local_alias(&body.room_alias)?
@@ -45,7 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
 		return Err(Error::Conflict("Alias already exists."));
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.set_alias(&body.room_alias, &body.room_id, sender_user)?;
@@ -58,18 +50,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_alias_route(
 /// Deletes a room alias from this server.
 ///
 /// - TODO: Update canonical alias event
-pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_alias::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<delete_alias::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(body: Ruma<delete_alias::v3::Request>) -> Result<delete_alias::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
-		.rooms
-		.alias
-		.appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info)
-		.await?;
+	service::rooms::alias::appservice_checks(&body.room_alias, &body.appservice_info).await?;

-	if services
+	if services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.resolve_local_alias(&body.room_alias)?
@@ -78,7 +64,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Alias does not exist."));
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.remove_alias(&body.room_alias, sender_user)
@@ -92,13 +78,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_alias_route(
 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/v3/directory/room/{roomAlias}`
 ///
 /// Resolve an alias locally or over federation.
-pub(crate) async fn get_alias_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_alias::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_alias::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_alias_route(body: Ruma<get_alias::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_alias::v3::Response> {
 	let room_alias = body.body.room_alias;
 	let servers = None;

-	let Ok((room_id, pre_servers)) = services
+	let Ok((room_id, pre_servers)) = services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.resolve_alias(&room_alias, servers.as_ref())
@@ -107,17 +91,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_alias_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Room with alias not found."));
 	};

-	let servers = room_available_servers(&services, &room_id, &room_alias, &pre_servers);
+	let servers = room_available_servers(&room_id, &room_alias, &pre_servers);
 	debug!(?room_alias, ?room_id, "available servers: {servers:?}");

 	Ok(get_alias::v3::Response::new(room_id, servers))
 }

 fn room_available_servers(
-	services: &Services, room_id: &RoomId, room_alias: &RoomAliasId, pre_servers: &Option<Vec<OwnedServerName>>,
+	room_id: &RoomId, room_alias: &RoomAliasId, pre_servers: &Option<Vec<OwnedServerName>>,
 ) -> Vec<OwnedServerName> {
 	// find active servers in room state cache to suggest
-	let mut servers: Vec<OwnedServerName> = services
+	let mut servers: Vec<OwnedServerName> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.room_servers(room_id)
@@ -140,10 +124,10 @@ fn room_available_servers(
 	// prefer the room alias server first
 	if let Some(server_index) = servers
 		.iter()
-		.position(|server_name| services.globals.server_is_ours(server_name))
+		.position(|server_name| server_is_ours(server_name))
 	{
 		servers.swap_remove(server_index);
-		servers.insert(0, services.globals.server_name().to_owned());
+		servers.insert(0, services().globals.server_name().to_owned());
 	} else if let Some(alias_server_index) = servers
 		.iter()
 		.position(|server| server == room_alias.server_name())
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		backup::{
@@ -12,16 +11,16 @@ use ruma::{
 	UInt,
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/room_keys/version`
 ///
 /// Creates a new backup.
 pub(crate) async fn create_backup_version_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_backup_version::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<create_backup_version::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	let version = services
+	let version = services()
 		.key_backups
 		.create_backup(sender_user, &body.algorithm)?;

@@ -35,10 +34,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_backup_version_route(
 /// Update information about an existing backup. Only `auth_data` can be
 /// modified.
 pub(crate) async fn update_backup_version_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<update_backup_version::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<update_backup_version::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<update_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.update_backup(sender_user, &body.version, &body.algorithm)?;

@@ -49,20 +48,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_backup_version_route(
 ///
 /// Get information about the latest backup version.
 pub(crate) async fn get_latest_backup_info_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_latest_backup_info::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_latest_backup_info::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_latest_backup_info::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let (version, algorithm) = services
+	let (version, algorithm) = services()
 		.key_backups
 		.get_latest_backup(sender_user)?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Key backup does not exist."))?;

 	Ok(get_latest_backup_info::v3::Response {
 		algorithm,
-		count: (UInt::try_from(services.key_backups.count_keys(sender_user, &version)?)
+		count: (UInt::try_from(services().key_backups.count_keys(sender_user, &version)?)
 			.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &version)?,
+		etag: services().key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &version)?,
 		version,
 	})
 }
@@ -71,10 +70,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_latest_backup_info_route(
 ///
 /// Get information about an existing backup.
 pub(crate) async fn get_backup_info_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_backup_info::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_backup_info::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_backup_info::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	let algorithm = services
+	let algorithm = services()
 		.key_backups
 		.get_backup(sender_user, &body.version)?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Key backup does not exist."))?;
@@ -82,12 +81,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_info_route(
 	Ok(get_backup_info::v3::Response {
 		algorithm,
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		version: body.version.clone(),
 	})
 }
@@ -99,11 +100,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_info_route(
 /// - Deletes both information about the backup, as well as all key data related
 ///   to the backup
 pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_version_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_backup_version::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_backup_version::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_version::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.delete_backup(sender_user, &body.version)?;

@@ -119,12 +120,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_version_route(
 /// - Adds the keys to the backup
 /// - Returns the new number of keys in this backup and the etag
 pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<add_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<add_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	if Some(&body.version)
-		!= services
+		!= services()
 			.key_backups
 			.get_latest_backup_version(sender_user)?
 			.as_ref()
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(

 	for (room_id, room) in &body.rooms {
 		for (session_id, key_data) in &room.sessions {
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.add_key(sender_user, &body.version, room_id, session_id, key_data)?;
 		}
@@ -145,12 +146,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(

 	Ok(add_backup_keys::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -163,12 +166,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_route(
 /// - Adds the keys to the backup
 /// - Returns the new number of keys in this backup and the etag
 pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_room_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	if Some(&body.version)
-		!= services
+		!= services()
 			.key_backups
 			.get_latest_backup_version(sender_user)?
 			.as_ref()
@@ -180,19 +183,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 	}

 	for (session_id, key_data) in &body.sessions {
-		services
+		services()
 			.key_backups
 			.add_key(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id, session_id, key_data)?;
 	}

 	Ok(add_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -205,12 +210,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 /// - Adds the keys to the backup
 /// - Returns the new number of keys in this backup and the etag
 pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	if Some(&body.version)
-		!= services
+		!= services()
 			.key_backups
 			.get_latest_backup_version(sender_user)?
 			.as_ref()
@@ -221,18 +226,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 		));
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.add_key(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id, &body.session_data)?;

 	Ok(add_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -240,11 +247,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn add_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 ///
 /// Retrieves all keys from the backup.
 pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let rooms = services.key_backups.get_all(sender_user, &body.version)?;
+	let rooms = services().key_backups.get_all(sender_user, &body.version)?;

 	Ok(get_backup_keys::v3::Response {
 		rooms,
@@ -255,11 +262,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_route(
 ///
 /// Retrieves all keys from the backup for a given room.
 pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_room_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let sessions = services
+	let sessions = services()
 		.key_backups
 		.get_room(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id)?;

@@ -272,11 +279,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 ///
 /// Retrieves a key from the backup.
 pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_session_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let key_data = services
+	let key_data = services()
 		.key_backups
 		.get_session(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Backup key not found for this user's session."))?;
@@ -290,22 +297,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backup_keys_for_session_route(
 ///
 /// Delete the keys from the backup.
 pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.delete_all_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?;

 	Ok(delete_backup_keys::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -313,22 +322,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_route(
 ///
 /// Delete the keys from the backup for a given room.
 pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_for_room_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.delete_room_keys(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id)?;

 	Ok(delete_backup_keys_for_room::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -336,21 +347,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_for_room_route(
 ///
 /// Delete a key from the backup.
 pub(crate) async fn delete_backup_keys_for_session_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.key_backups
 		.delete_room_key(sender_user, &body.version, &body.room_id, &body.session_id)?;

 	Ok(delete_backup_keys_for_session::v3::Response {
 		count: (UInt::try_from(
-			services
+			services()
 				.key_backups
 				.count_keys(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 		)
 		.expect("user backup keys count should not be that high")),
-		etag: services.key_backups.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
+		etag: services()
+			.key_backups
+			.get_etag(sender_user, &body.version)?,
 	})
 }
@@ -1,30 +1,29 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::discovery::get_capabilities::{
 	self, Capabilities, RoomVersionStability, RoomVersionsCapability, ThirdPartyIdChangesCapability,
 };

-use crate::{Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/v3/capabilities`
 ///
 /// Get information on the supported feature set and other relevent capabilities
 /// of this server.
 pub(crate) async fn get_capabilities_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, _body: Ruma<get_capabilities::v3::Request>,
+	_body: Ruma<get_capabilities::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_capabilities::v3::Response> {
 	let mut available = BTreeMap::new();
-	for room_version in &services.globals.unstable_room_versions {
+	for room_version in &services().globals.unstable_room_versions {
 		available.insert(room_version.clone(), RoomVersionStability::Unstable);
 	}
-	for room_version in &services.globals.stable_room_versions {
+	for room_version in &services().globals.stable_room_versions {
 		available.insert(room_version.clone(), RoomVersionStability::Stable);
 	}

 	let mut capabilities = Capabilities::default();
 	capabilities.room_versions = RoomVersionsCapability {
-		default: services.globals.default_room_version(),
+		default: services().globals.default_room_version(),
 		available,
 	};

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		config::{get_global_account_data, get_room_account_data, set_global_account_data, set_room_account_data},
@@ -11,21 +10,15 @@ use ruma::{
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use serde_json::{json, value::RawValue as RawJsonValue};

-use crate::{service::Services, Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/user/{userId}/account_data/{type}`
 ///
 /// Sets some account data for the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn set_global_account_data_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_global_account_data::v3::Response> {
-	set_account_data(
-		&services,
-		None,
-		&body.sender_user,
-		&body.event_type.to_string(),
-		body.data.json(),
-	)?;
+	set_account_data(None, &body.sender_user, &body.event_type.to_string(), body.data.json())?;

 	Ok(set_global_account_data::v3::Response {})
 }
@@ -34,10 +27,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_global_account_data_route(
 ///
 /// Sets some room account data for the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn set_room_account_data_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_room_account_data::v3::Response> {
 	set_account_data(
-		&services,
 		Some(&body.room_id),
 		&body.sender_user,
 		&body.event_type.to_string(),
@@ -51,11 +43,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_account_data_route(
 ///
 /// Gets some account data for the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn get_global_account_data_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_global_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_global_account_data::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event: Box<RawJsonValue> = services
+	let event: Box<RawJsonValue> = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, body.event_type.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Data not found."))?;
@@ -73,11 +65,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_global_account_data_route(
 ///
 /// Gets some room account data for the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn get_room_account_data_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_room_account_data::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_room_account_data::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event: Box<RawJsonValue> = services
+	let event: Box<RawJsonValue> = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&body.room_id), sender_user, body.event_type.clone())?
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Data not found."))?;
@@ -92,15 +84,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_account_data_route(
 }

 fn set_account_data(
-	services: &Services, room_id: Option<&RoomId>, sender_user: &Option<OwnedUserId>, event_type: &str,
-	data: &RawJsonValue,
+	room_id: Option<&RoomId>, sender_user: &Option<OwnedUserId>, event_type: &str, data: &RawJsonValue,
 ) -> Result<()> {
 	let sender_user = sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let data: serde_json::Value =
 		serde_json::from_str(data.get()).map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Data is invalid."))?;

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		room_id,
 		sender_user,
 		event_type.into(),
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{context::get_context, error::ErrorKind, filter::LazyLoadOptions},
 	events::StateEventType,
 };
 use tracing::error;

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/context`
 ///
@@ -15,9 +14,7 @@ use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
 ///
 /// - Only works if the user is joined (TODO: always allow, but only show events
 ///   if the user was joined, depending on history_visibility)
-pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_context::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_context::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(body: Ruma<get_context::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_context::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -30,13 +27,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(

 	let mut lazy_loaded = HashSet::new();

-	let base_token = services
+	let base_token = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu_count(&body.event_id)?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Base event id not found."))?;

-	let base_event = services
+	let base_event = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu(&body.event_id)?
@@ -44,7 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(

 	let room_id = base_event.room_id.clone();

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &room_id, &body.event_id)?
@@ -55,7 +52,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		));
 	}

-	if !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+	if !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 		sender_user,
 		sender_device,
 		&room_id,
@@ -70,14 +67,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(

 	let base_event = base_event.to_room_event();

-	let events_before: Vec<_> = services
+	let events_before: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.pdus_until(sender_user, &room_id, base_token)?
 		.take(limit / 2)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok) // Remove buggy events
 		.filter(|(_, pdu)| {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &room_id, &pdu.event_id)
@@ -86,7 +83,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		.collect();

 	for (_, event) in &events_before {
-		if !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+		if !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 			sender_user,
 			sender_device,
 			&room_id,
@@ -106,14 +103,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		.map(|(_, pdu)| pdu.to_room_event())
 		.collect();

-	let events_after: Vec<_> = services
+	let events_after: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.pdus_after(sender_user, &room_id, base_token)?
 		.take(limit / 2)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok) // Remove buggy events
 		.filter(|(_, pdu)| {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &room_id, &pdu.event_id)
@@ -122,7 +119,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		.collect();

 	for (_, event) in &events_after {
-		if !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+		if !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 			sender_user,
 			sender_device,
 			&room_id,
@@ -133,7 +130,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 		}
 	}

-	let shortstatehash = services
+	let shortstatehash = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.pdu_shortstatehash(
@@ -142,7 +139,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 				.map_or(&*body.event_id, |(_, e)| &*e.event_id),
 		)?
 		.map_or(
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.state
 				.get_room_shortstatehash(&room_id)?
@@ -150,7 +147,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 			|hash| hash,
 		);

-	let state_ids = services
+	let state_ids = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.state_full_ids(shortstatehash)
@@ -168,20 +165,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_context_route(
 	let mut state = Vec::with_capacity(state_ids.len());

 	for (shortstatekey, id) in state_ids {
-		let (event_type, state_key) = services
+		let (event_type, state_key) = services()
 			.rooms
 			.short
 			.get_statekey_from_short(shortstatekey)?;

 		if event_type != StateEventType::RoomMember {
-			let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+			let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 				error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 				continue;
 			};

 			state.push(pdu.to_state_event());
 		} else if !lazy_load_enabled || lazy_loaded.contains(&state_key) {
-			let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+			let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 				error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 				continue;
 			};
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::{
 	device::{self, delete_device, delete_devices, get_device, get_devices, update_device},
 	error::ErrorKind,
@@ -6,17 +5,15 @@ use ruma::api::client::{
 };

 use super::SESSION_ID_LENGTH;
-use crate::{utils, Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, utils, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/devices`
 ///
 /// Get metadata on all devices of the sender user.
-pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_devices::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_devices::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(body: Ruma<get_devices::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_devices::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let devices: Vec<device::Device> = services
+	let devices: Vec<device::Device> = services()
 		.users
 		.all_devices_metadata(sender_user)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok) // Filter out buggy devices
@@ -30,12 +27,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_devices_route(
 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/devices/{deviceId}`
 ///
 /// Get metadata on a single device of the sender user.
-pub(crate) async fn get_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_device::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_device::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_device_route(body: Ruma<get_device::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_device::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let device = services
+	let device = services()
 		.users
 		.get_device_metadata(sender_user, &body.body.device_id)?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Device not found."))?;
@@ -48,19 +43,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_device_route(
 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/devices/{deviceId}`
 ///
 /// Updates the metadata on a given device of the sender user.
-pub(crate) async fn update_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<update_device::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<update_device::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn update_device_route(body: Ruma<update_device::v3::Request>) -> Result<update_device::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let mut device = services
+	let mut device = services()
 		.users
 		.get_device_metadata(sender_user, &body.device_id)?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Device not found."))?;

 	device.display_name.clone_from(&body.display_name);

-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.update_device_metadata(sender_user, &body.device_id, &device)?;

@@ -77,9 +70,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_device_route(
 ///   last seen ts)
 /// - Forgets to-device events
 /// - Triggers device list updates
-pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_device::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<delete_device::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(body: Ruma<delete_device::v3::Request>) -> Result<delete_device::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -95,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
 	};

 	if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services
+		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services()
 			.uiaa
 			.try_auth(sender_user, sender_device, auth, &uiaainfo)?;
 		if !worked {
@@ -104,7 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
 	// Success!
 	} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 		uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-		services
+		services()
 			.uiaa
 			.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, &json)?;
 		return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
@@ -112,7 +103,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotJson, "Not json."));
 	}

-	services.users.remove_device(sender_user, &body.device_id)?;
+	services()
+		.users
+		.remove_device(sender_user, &body.device_id)?;

 	Ok(delete_device::v3::Response {})
 }
@@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_device_route(
 /// - Forgets to-device events
 /// - Triggers device list updates
 pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_devices::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_devices::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_devices::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
@@ -147,7 +140,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 	};

 	if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services
+		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services()
 			.uiaa
 			.try_auth(sender_user, sender_device, auth, &uiaainfo)?;
 		if !worked {
@@ -156,7 +149,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 	// Success!
 	} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 		uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-		services
+		services()
 			.uiaa
 			.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, &json)?;
 		return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
@@ -165,7 +158,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_devices_route(
 	}

 	for device_id in &body.devices {
-		services.users.remove_device(sender_user, device_id)?;
+		services().users.remove_device(sender_user, device_id)?;
 	}

 	Ok(delete_devices::v3::Response {})
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduit::{err, info, warn, Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
@@ -20,9 +19,8 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 	uint, RoomId, ServerName, UInt, UserId,
 };
-use service::Services;

-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{service::server_is_ours, services, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/v3/publicRooms`
 ///
@@ -31,11 +29,10 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 /// - Rooms are ordered by the number of joined members
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "publicrooms")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_public_rooms_filtered::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_public_rooms_filtered::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_public_rooms_filtered::v3::Response> {
 	if let Some(server) = &body.server {
-		if services
+		if services()
 			.globals
 			.forbidden_remote_room_directory_server_names()
 			.contains(server)
@@ -48,7 +45,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_route(
 	}

 	let response = get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
-		&services,
 		body.server.as_deref(),
 		body.limit,
 		body.since.as_deref(),
@@ -71,11 +67,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_route(
 /// - Rooms are ordered by the number of joined members
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "publicrooms")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_public_rooms::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_public_rooms::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_public_rooms::v3::Response> {
 	if let Some(server) = &body.server {
-		if services
+		if services()
 			.globals
 			.forbidden_remote_room_directory_server_names()
 			.contains(server)
@@ -88,7 +83,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_route(
 	}

 	let response = get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
-		&services,
 		body.server.as_deref(),
 		body.limit,
 		body.since.as_deref(),
@@ -114,26 +108,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_route(
 /// Sets the visibility of a given room in the room directory.
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "room_directory")]
 pub(crate) async fn set_room_visibility_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<set_room_visibility::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<set_room_visibility::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_room_visibility::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(&body.room_id)? {
+	if !services().rooms.metadata.exists(&body.room_id)? {
 		// Return 404 if the room doesn't exist
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Room not found"));
 	}

-	if !user_can_publish_room(&services, sender_user, &body.room_id)? {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			"User is not allowed to publish this room",
-		));
-	}
+	user_can_publish_room(sender_user, &body.room_id)?;

 	match &body.visibility {
 		room::Visibility::Public => {
-			if services.globals.config.lockdown_public_room_directory && !services.users.is_admin(sender_user)? {
+			if services().globals.config.lockdown_public_room_directory && !services().users.is_admin(sender_user)? {
 				info!(
 					"Non-admin user {sender_user} tried to publish {0} to the room directory while \
 					 \"lockdown_public_room_directory\" is enabled",
@@ -146,10 +134,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_visibility_route(
 				));
 			}

-			services.rooms.directory.set_public(&body.room_id)?;
+			services().rooms.directory.set_public(&body.room_id)?;
 			info!("{sender_user} made {0} public", body.room_id);
 		},
-		room::Visibility::Private => services.rooms.directory.set_not_public(&body.room_id)?,
+		room::Visibility::Private => services().rooms.directory.set_not_public(&body.room_id)?,
 		_ => {
 			return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
@@ -165,15 +153,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_room_visibility_route(
 ///
 /// Gets the visibility of a given room in the room directory.
 pub(crate) async fn get_room_visibility_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_room_visibility::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_room_visibility::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_room_visibility::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(&body.room_id)? {
+	if !services().rooms.metadata.exists(&body.room_id)? {
 		// Return 404 if the room doesn't exist
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Room not found"));
 	}

 	Ok(get_room_visibility::v3::Response {
-		visibility: if services.rooms.directory.is_public_room(&body.room_id)? {
+		visibility: if services().rooms.directory.is_public_room(&body.room_id)? {
 			room::Visibility::Public
 		} else {
 			room::Visibility::Private
@@ -182,11 +170,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_visibility_route(
 }

 pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
-	services: &Services, server: Option<&ServerName>, limit: Option<UInt>, since: Option<&str>, filter: &Filter,
-	_network: &RoomNetwork,
+	server: Option<&ServerName>, limit: Option<UInt>, since: Option<&str>, filter: &Filter, _network: &RoomNetwork,
 ) -> Result<get_public_rooms_filtered::v3::Response> {
-	if let Some(other_server) = server.filter(|server_name| !services.globals.server_is_ours(server_name)) {
-		let response = services
+	if let Some(other_server) = server.filter(|server_name| !server_is_ours(server_name)) {
+		let response = services()
 			.sending
 			.send_federation_request(
 				other_server,
@@ -232,7 +219,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
 		}
 	}

-	let mut all_rooms: Vec<_> = services
+	let mut all_rooms: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.directory
 		.public_rooms()
@@ -240,12 +227,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
 			let room_id = room_id?;

 			let chunk = PublicRoomsChunk {
-				canonical_alias: services
+				canonical_alias: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.get_canonical_alias(&room_id)?,
-				name: services.rooms.state_accessor.get_name(&room_id)?,
-				num_joined_members: services
+				name: services().rooms.state_accessor.get_name(&room_id)?,
+				num_joined_members: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_cache
 					.room_joined_count(&room_id)?
@@ -255,24 +242,24 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
 					})
 					.try_into()
 					.expect("user count should not be that big"),
-				topic: services
+				topic: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.get_room_topic(&room_id)
 					.unwrap_or(None),
-				world_readable: services.rooms.state_accessor.is_world_readable(&room_id)?,
-				guest_can_join: services
+				world_readable: services().rooms.state_accessor.is_world_readable(&room_id)?,
+				guest_can_join: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.guest_can_join(&room_id)?,
-				avatar_url: services
+				avatar_url: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.get_avatar(&room_id)?
 					.into_option()
 					.unwrap_or_default()
 					.url,
-				join_rule: services
+				join_rule: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(&room_id, &StateEventType::RoomJoinRules, "")?
@@ -290,7 +277,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(
 					.transpose()?
 					.flatten()
 					.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("Missing room join rule event for room."))?,
-				room_type: services
+				room_type: services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.get_room_type(&room_id)?,
@@ -369,8 +356,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_public_rooms_filtered_helper(

 /// Check whether the user can publish to the room directory via power levels of
 /// room history visibility event or room creator
-fn user_can_publish_room(services: &Services, user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId) -> Result<bool> {
-	if let Some(event) = services
+fn user_can_publish_room(user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId) -> Result<bool> {
+	if let Some(event) =
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_get(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "")?
@@ -381,7 +369,7 @@ fn user_can_publish_room(services: &Services, user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId
 				RoomPowerLevels::from(content).user_can_send_state(user_id, StateEventType::RoomHistoryVisibility)
 			})
 	} else if let Some(event) =
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_get(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomCreate, "")?
@@ -389,8 +377,8 @@ fn user_can_publish_room(services: &Services, user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId
 		Ok(event.sender == user_id)
 	} else {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
-			"User is not allowed to publish this room",
+			ErrorKind::Unauthorized,
+			"You are not allowed to publish this room to the room directory",
 		));
 	}
 }
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::{
 	error::ErrorKind,
 	filter::{create_filter, get_filter},
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/user/{userId}/filter/{filterId}`
 ///
 /// Loads a filter that was previously created.
 ///
 /// - A user can only access their own filters
-pub(crate) async fn get_filter_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_filter::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_filter::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_filter_route(body: Ruma<get_filter::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_filter::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	let Some(filter) = services.users.get_filter(sender_user, &body.filter_id)? else {
+	let Some(filter) = services().users.get_filter(sender_user, &body.filter_id)? else {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Filter not found."));
 	};

@@ -25,11 +22,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_filter_route(
 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/user/{userId}/filter`
 ///
 /// Creates a new filter to be used by other endpoints.
-pub(crate) async fn create_filter_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_filter::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<create_filter::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn create_filter_route(body: Ruma<create_filter::v3::Request>) -> Result<create_filter::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	Ok(create_filter::v3::Response::new(
-		services.users.create_filter(sender_user, &body.filter)?,
+		services().users.create_filter(sender_user, &body.filter)?,
 	))
 }
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ use std::{
 	time::Instant,
 };

-use axum::extract::State;
-use conduit::{utils, utils::math::continue_exponential_backoff_secs, Err, Error, Result};
+use conduit::{utils, utils::math::continue_exponential_backoff_secs, Error, Result};
 use futures_util::{stream::FuturesUnordered, StreamExt};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{
@@ -19,9 +18,11 @@ use ruma::{
 	DeviceKeyAlgorithm, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedUserId, UserId,
 };
 use serde_json::json;
+use service::user_is_local;
+use tracing::debug;

 use super::SESSION_ID_LENGTH;
-use crate::{service::Services, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/keys/upload`
 ///
@@ -30,14 +31,12 @@ use crate::{service::Services, Ruma};
 /// - Adds one time keys
 /// - If there are no device keys yet: Adds device keys (TODO: merge with
 ///   existing keys?)
-pub(crate) async fn upload_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<upload_keys::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<upload_keys::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn upload_keys_route(body: Ruma<upload_keys::v3::Request>) -> Result<upload_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	for (key_key, key_value) in &body.one_time_keys {
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.add_one_time_key(sender_user, sender_device, key_key, key_value)?;
 	}
@@ -45,19 +44,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_keys_route(
 	if let Some(device_keys) = &body.device_keys {
 		// TODO: merge this and the existing event?
 		// This check is needed to assure that signatures are kept
-		if services
+		if services()
 			.users
 			.get_device_keys(sender_user, sender_device)?
 			.is_none()
 		{
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.add_device_keys(sender_user, sender_device, device_keys)?;
 		}
 	}

 	Ok(upload_keys::v3::Response {
-		one_time_key_counts: services
+		one_time_key_counts: services()
 			.users
 			.count_one_time_keys(sender_user, sender_device)?,
 	})
@@ -71,13 +70,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_keys_route(
 /// - Gets master keys, self-signing keys, user signing keys and device keys.
 /// - The master and self-signing keys contain signatures that the user is
 ///   allowed to see
-pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_keys::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_keys::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(body: Ruma<get_keys::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	get_keys_helper(
-		&services,
 		Some(sender_user),
 		&body.device_keys,
 		|u| u == sender_user,
@@ -89,10 +85,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_route(
 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/keys/claim`
 ///
 /// Claims one-time keys
-pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<claim_keys::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<claim_keys::v3::Response> {
-	claim_keys_helper(&services, &body.one_time_keys).await
+pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_route(body: Ruma<claim_keys::v3::Request>) -> Result<claim_keys::v3::Response> {
+	claim_keys_helper(&body.one_time_keys).await
 }

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/keys/device_signing/upload`
@@ -101,7 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_route(
 ///
 /// - Requires UIAA to verify password
 pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<upload_signing_keys::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<upload_signing_keys::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<upload_signing_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
@@ -118,7 +112,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 	};

 	if let Some(auth) = &body.auth {
-		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services
+		let (worked, uiaainfo) = services()
 			.uiaa
 			.try_auth(sender_user, sender_device, auth, &uiaainfo)?;
 		if !worked {
@@ -127,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 	// Success!
 	} else if let Some(json) = body.json_body {
 		uiaainfo.session = Some(utils::random_string(SESSION_ID_LENGTH));
-		services
+		services()
 			.uiaa
 			.create(sender_user, sender_device, &uiaainfo, &json)?;
 		return Err(Error::Uiaa(uiaainfo));
@@ -136,7 +130,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 	}

 	if let Some(master_key) = &body.master_key {
-		services.users.add_cross_signing_keys(
+		services().users.add_cross_signing_keys(
 			sender_user,
 			master_key,
 			&body.self_signing_key,
@@ -152,7 +146,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signing_keys_route(
 ///
 /// Uploads end-to-end key signatures from the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn upload_signatures_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<upload_signatures::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<upload_signatures::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<upload_signatures::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -179,7 +173,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signatures_route(
 						.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid signature value."))?
 						.to_owned(),
 				);
-				services
+				services()
 					.users
 					.sign_key(user_id, key_id, signature, sender_user)?;
 			}
@@ -198,14 +192,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn upload_signatures_route(
 ///
 /// - TODO: left users
 pub(crate) async fn get_key_changes_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_key_changes::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_key_changes::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_key_changes::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let mut device_list_updates = HashSet::new();

 	device_list_updates.extend(
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.keys_changed(
 				sender_user.as_str(),
@@ -221,14 +215,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_key_changes_route(
 			.filter_map(Result::ok),
 	);

-	for room_id in services
+	for room_id in services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(sender_user)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 	{
 		device_list_updates.extend(
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.keys_changed(
 					room_id.as_ref(),
@@ -251,8 +245,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_key_changes_route(
 }

 pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
-	services: &Services, sender_user: Option<&UserId>, device_keys_input: &BTreeMap<OwnedUserId, Vec<OwnedDeviceId>>,
-	allowed_signatures: F, include_display_names: bool,
+	sender_user: Option<&UserId>, device_keys_input: &BTreeMap<OwnedUserId, Vec<OwnedDeviceId>>, allowed_signatures: F,
+	include_display_names: bool,
 ) -> Result<get_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let mut master_keys = BTreeMap::new();
 	let mut self_signing_keys = BTreeMap::new();
@@ -264,7 +258,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 	for (user_id, device_ids) in device_keys_input {
 		let user_id: &UserId = user_id;

-		if !services.globals.user_is_local(user_id) {
+		if !user_is_local(user_id) {
 			get_over_federation
 				.entry(user_id.server_name())
 				.or_insert_with(Vec::new)
@@ -274,10 +268,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(

 		if device_ids.is_empty() {
 			let mut container = BTreeMap::new();
-			for device_id in services.users.all_device_ids(user_id) {
+			for device_id in services().users.all_device_ids(user_id) {
 				let device_id = device_id?;
-				if let Some(mut keys) = services.users.get_device_keys(user_id, &device_id)? {
-					let metadata = services
+				if let Some(mut keys) = services().users.get_device_keys(user_id, &device_id)? {
+					let metadata = services()
 						.users
 						.get_device_metadata(user_id, &device_id)?
 						.ok_or_else(|| Error::bad_database("all_device_keys contained nonexistent device."))?;
@@ -292,8 +286,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 		} else {
 			for device_id in device_ids {
 				let mut container = BTreeMap::new();
-				if let Some(mut keys) = services.users.get_device_keys(user_id, device_id)? {
-					let metadata = services
+				if let Some(mut keys) = services().users.get_device_keys(user_id, device_id)? {
+					let metadata = services()
 						.users
 						.get_device_metadata(user_id, device_id)?
 						.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(
@@ -309,21 +303,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 			}
 		}

-		if let Some(master_key) = services
+		if let Some(master_key) = services()
 			.users
 			.get_master_key(sender_user, user_id, &allowed_signatures)?
 		{
 			master_keys.insert(user_id.to_owned(), master_key);
 		}
 		if let Some(self_signing_key) =
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.get_self_signing_key(sender_user, user_id, &allowed_signatures)?
 		{
 			self_signing_keys.insert(user_id.to_owned(), self_signing_key);
 		}
 		if Some(user_id) == sender_user {
-			if let Some(user_signing_key) = services.users.get_user_signing_key(user_id)? {
+			if let Some(user_signing_key) = services().users.get_user_signing_key(user_id)? {
 				user_signing_keys.insert(user_id.to_owned(), user_signing_key);
 			}
 		}
@@ -332,7 +326,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 	let mut failures = BTreeMap::new();

 	let back_off = |id| async {
-		match services
+		match services()
 			.globals
 			.bad_query_ratelimiter
 			.write()
@@ -351,7 +345,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 	let mut futures: FuturesUnordered<_> = get_over_federation
 		.into_iter()
 		.map(|(server, vec)| async move {
-			if let Some((time, tries)) = services
+			if let Some((time, tries)) = services()
 				.globals
 				.bad_query_ratelimiter
 				.read()
@@ -362,7 +356,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 				const MIN: u64 = 5 * 60;
 				const MAX: u64 = 60 * 60 * 24;
 				if continue_exponential_backoff_secs(MIN, MAX, time.elapsed(), *tries) {
-					return (server, Err!(BadServerResponse("bad query from {server:?}, still backing off")));
+					debug!("Backing off query from {server:?}");
+					return (server, Err(Error::BadServerResponse("bad query, still backing off")));
 				}
 			}

@@ -374,7 +369,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 			let request = federation::keys::get_keys::v1::Request {
 				device_keys: device_keys_input_fed,
 			};
-			let response = services
+			let response = services()
 				.sending
 				.send_federation_request(server, request)
 				.await;
@@ -386,19 +381,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_keys_helper<F: Fn(&UserId) -> bool + Send>(
 	while let Some((server, response)) = futures.next().await {
 		if let Ok(Ok(response)) = response {
 			for (user, masterkey) in response.master_keys {
-				let (master_key_id, mut master_key) = services.users.parse_master_key(&user, &masterkey)?;
+				let (master_key_id, mut master_key) = services().users.parse_master_key(&user, &masterkey)?;

 				if let Some(our_master_key) =
-					services
+					services()
 						.users
 						.get_key(&master_key_id, sender_user, &user, &allowed_signatures)?
 				{
-					let (_, our_master_key) = services.users.parse_master_key(&user, &our_master_key)?;
+					let (_, our_master_key) = services().users.parse_master_key(&user, &our_master_key)?;
 					master_key.signatures.extend(our_master_key.signatures);
 				}
 				let json = serde_json::to_value(master_key).expect("to_value always works");
 				let raw = serde_json::from_value(json).expect("Raw::from_value always works");
-				services.users.add_cross_signing_keys(
+				services().users.add_cross_signing_keys(
 					&user, &raw, &None, &None,
 					false, /* Dont notify. A notification would trigger another key request resulting in an
 					       * endless loop */
@@ -449,14 +444,14 @@ fn add_unsigned_device_display_name(
 }

 pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_helper(
-	services: &Services, one_time_keys_input: &BTreeMap<OwnedUserId, BTreeMap<OwnedDeviceId, DeviceKeyAlgorithm>>,
+	one_time_keys_input: &BTreeMap<OwnedUserId, BTreeMap<OwnedDeviceId, DeviceKeyAlgorithm>>,
 ) -> Result<claim_keys::v3::Response> {
 	let mut one_time_keys = BTreeMap::new();

 	let mut get_over_federation = BTreeMap::new();

 	for (user_id, map) in one_time_keys_input {
-		if !services.globals.user_is_local(user_id) {
+		if !user_is_local(user_id) {
 			get_over_federation
 				.entry(user_id.server_name())
 				.or_insert_with(Vec::new)
@@ -465,7 +460,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_helper(

 		let mut container = BTreeMap::new();
 		for (device_id, key_algorithm) in map {
-			if let Some(one_time_keys) = services
+			if let Some(one_time_keys) = services()
 				.users
 				.take_one_time_key(user_id, device_id, key_algorithm)?
 			{
@@ -488,7 +483,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn claim_keys_helper(
 			}
 			(
 				server,
-				services
+				services()
 					.sending
 					.send_federation_request(
 						server,
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
 #![allow(deprecated)]

-use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{io::Cursor, sync::Arc, time::Duration};

-use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
-use conduit::{
-	debug_warn, err, error,
-	utils::{
-		self,
-		content_disposition::{content_disposition_type, make_content_disposition, sanitise_filename},
-		math::ruma_from_usize,
-	},
-	warn, Err, Error, Result,
-};
+use conduit::{debug, error, utils::math::ruma_from_usize, warn};
+use image::io::Reader as ImgReader;
+use ipaddress::IPAddress;
+use reqwest::Url;
 use ruma::api::client::{
 	error::{ErrorKind, RetryAfter},
 	media::{
@@ -20,12 +14,24 @@ use ruma::api::client::{
 		get_media_preview,
 	},
 };
-use service::{
-	media::{FileMeta, MXC_LENGTH},
-	Services,
+use webpage::HTML;
+
+use crate::{
+	debug_warn,
+	service::{
+		media::{FileMeta, UrlPreviewData},
+		server_is_ours,
+	},
+	services,
+	utils::{
+		self,
+		content_disposition::{content_disposition_type, make_content_disposition, sanitise_filename},
+	},
+	Error, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse,
 };

-use crate::{Ruma, RumaResponse};
+/// generated MXC ID (`media-id`) length
+const MXC_LENGTH: usize = 32;

 /// Cache control for immutable objects
 const CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE: &str = "public,max-age=31536000,immutable";
@@ -36,10 +42,10 @@ const CORP_CROSS_ORIGIN: &str = "cross-origin";
 ///
 /// Returns max upload size.
 pub(crate) async fn get_media_config_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, _body: Ruma<get_media_config::v3::Request>,
+	_body: Ruma<get_media_config::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_media_config::v3::Response> {
 	Ok(get_media_config::v3::Response {
-		upload_size: ruma_from_usize(services.globals.config.max_request_size),
+		upload_size: ruma_from_usize(services().globals.config.max_request_size),
 	})
 }

@@ -51,11 +57,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_config_route(
 ///
 /// Returns max upload size.
 pub(crate) async fn get_media_config_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_media_config::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_media_config::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_media_config::v3::Response>> {
-	get_media_config_route(State(services), body)
-		.await
-		.map(RumaResponse)
+	get_media_config_route(body).await.map(RumaResponse)
 }

 /// # `GET /_matrix/media/v3/preview_url`
@@ -63,19 +67,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_config_v1_route(
 /// Returns URL preview.
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "url_preview")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_media_preview::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let url = &body.url;
-	if !services.media.url_preview_allowed(url) {
-		return Err!(Request(Forbidden(
-			warn!(%sender_user, %url, "URL is not allowed to be previewed")
-		)));
+	if !url_preview_allowed(url) {
+		warn!(%sender_user, "URL is not allowed to be previewed: {url}");
+		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "URL is not allowed to be previewed"));
 	}

-	match services.media.get_url_preview(url).await {
+	match get_url_preview(url).await {
 		Ok(preview) => {
 			let res = serde_json::value::to_raw_value(&preview).map_err(|e| {
 				error!(%sender_user, "Failed to convert UrlPreviewData into a serde json value: {e}");
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_route(
 		},
 		Err(e) => {
 			warn!(%sender_user, "Failed to generate a URL preview: {e}");
+
 			// there doesn't seem to be an agreed-upon error code in the spec.
 			// the only response codes in the preview_url spec page are 200 and 429.
 			Err(Error::BadRequest(
@@ -112,10 +115,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_route(
 /// Returns URL preview.
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "url_preview")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_media_preview::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_media_preview::v3::Response>> {
-	get_media_preview_route(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	get_media_preview_route(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }
@@ -128,14 +130,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_media_preview_v1_route(
 /// - Media will be saved in the media/ directory
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_upload")]
 pub(crate) async fn create_content_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<create_content::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<create_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_content::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let mxc = format!("mxc://{}/{}", services.globals.server_name(), utils::random_string(MXC_LENGTH));
+	let mxc = format!(
+		"mxc://{}/{}",
+		services().globals.server_name(),
+		utils::random_string(MXC_LENGTH)
+	);

-	services
+	services()
 		.media
 		.create(
 			Some(sender_user.clone()),
@@ -173,10 +178,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_content_route(
 /// - Media will be saved in the media/ directory
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_upload")]
 pub(crate) async fn create_content_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<create_content::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<create_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<create_content::v3::Response>> {
-	create_content_route(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	create_content_route(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }
@@ -191,19 +195,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_content_v1_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content::v3::Response> {
 	let mxc = format!("mxc://{}/{}", body.server_name, body.media_id);

 	if let Some(FileMeta {
-		content,
 		content_type,
+		file,
 		content_disposition,
-	}) = services.media.get(&mxc).await?
+	}) = services().media.get(&mxc).await?
 	{
 		let content_disposition = Some(make_content_disposition(&content_type, content_disposition, None));
-		let file = content.expect("content");

 		Ok(get_content::v3::Response {
 			file,
@@ -212,9 +214,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 			cross_origin_resource_policy: Some(CORP_CROSS_ORIGIN.to_owned()),
 			cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.into()),
 		})
-	} else if !services.globals.server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
+	} else if !server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
 		let response = get_remote_content(
-			&services,
 			&mxc,
 			&body.server_name,
 			body.media_id.clone(),
@@ -222,7 +223,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 			body.timeout_ms,
 		)
 		.await
-		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(NotFound(debug_warn!("Fetching media `{mxc}` failed: {e:?}")))))?;
+		.map_err(|e| {
+			debug_warn!("Fetching media `{}` failed: {:?}", mxc, e);
+			Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Remote media error.")
+		})?;

 		let content_disposition = Some(make_content_disposition(
 			&response.content_type,
@@ -238,7 +242,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 			cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.to_owned()),
 		})
 	} else {
-		Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found.")))
+		Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Media not found."))
 	}
 }

@@ -256,10 +260,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_content::v3::Response>> {
-	get_content_route(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	get_content_route(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }
@@ -274,16 +277,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_v1_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content_as_filename::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content_as_filename::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content_as_filename::v3::Response> {
 	let mxc = format!("mxc://{}/{}", body.server_name, body.media_id);

 	if let Some(FileMeta {
-		content,
 		content_type,
+		file,
 		content_disposition,
-	}) = services.media.get(&mxc).await?
+	}) = services().media.get(&mxc).await?
 	{
 		let content_disposition = Some(make_content_disposition(
 			&content_type,
@@ -291,7 +293,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 			Some(body.filename.clone()),
 		));

-		let file = content.expect("content");
 		Ok(get_content_as_filename::v3::Response {
 			file,
 			content_type,
@@ -299,9 +300,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 			cross_origin_resource_policy: Some(CORP_CROSS_ORIGIN.to_owned()),
 			cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.into()),
 		})
-	} else if !services.globals.server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
+	} else if !server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
 		match get_remote_content(
-			&services,
 			&mxc,
 			&body.server_name,
 			body.media_id.clone(),
@@ -325,10 +325,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 					cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.into()),
 				})
 			},
-			Err(e) => Err!(Request(NotFound(debug_warn!("Fetching media `{mxc}` failed: {e:?}")))),
+			Err(e) => {
+				debug_warn!("Fetching media `{}` failed: {:?}", mxc, e);
+				Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Remote media error."))
+			},
 		}
 	} else {
-		Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found.")))
+		Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Media not found."))
 	}
 }

@@ -346,10 +349,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content_as_filename::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content_as_filename::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_content_as_filename::v3::Response>> {
-	get_content_as_filename_route(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	get_content_as_filename_route(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }
@@ -364,30 +366,28 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_as_filename_v1_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_thumbnail_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Response> {
 	let mxc = format!("mxc://{}/{}", body.server_name, body.media_id);

 	if let Some(FileMeta {
-		content,
 		content_type,
+		file,
 		content_disposition,
-	}) = services
+	}) = services()
 		.media
 		.get_thumbnail(
 			&mxc,
 			body.width
 				.try_into()
-				.map_err(|e| err!(Request(InvalidParam("Width is invalid: {e:?}"))))?,
+				.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Width is invalid."))?,
 			body.height
 				.try_into()
-				.map_err(|e| err!(Request(InvalidParam("Height is invalid: {e:?}"))))?,
+				.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Height is invalid."))?,
 		)
 		.await?
 	{
 		let content_disposition = Some(make_content_disposition(&content_type, content_disposition, None));
-		let file = content.expect("content");

 		Ok(get_content_thumbnail::v3::Response {
 			file,
@@ -396,8 +396,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 			cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.into()),
 			content_disposition,
 		})
-	} else if !services.globals.server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
-		if services
+	} else if !server_is_ours(&body.server_name) && body.allow_remote {
+		if services()
 			.globals
 			.prevent_media_downloads_from()
 			.contains(&body.server_name)
@@ -405,10 +405,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 			// we'll lie to the client and say the blocked server's media was not found and
 			// log. the client has no way of telling anyways so this is a security bonus.
 			debug_warn!("Received request for media `{}` on blocklisted server", mxc);
-			return Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found.")));
+			return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Media not found."));
 		}

-		match services
+		match services()
 			.sending
 			.send_federation_request(
 				&body.server_name,
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 			.await
 		{
 			Ok(get_thumbnail_response) => {
-				services
+				services()
 					.media
 					.upload_thumbnail(
 						None,
@@ -454,10 +454,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 					content_disposition,
 				})
 			},
-			Err(e) => Err!(Request(NotFound(debug_warn!("Fetching media `{mxc}` failed: {e:?}")))),
+			Err(e) => {
+				debug_warn!("Fetching media `{}` failed: {:?}", mxc, e);
+				Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Remote media error."))
+			},
 		}
 	} else {
-		Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found.")))
+		Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Media not found."))
 	}
 }

@@ -475,19 +478,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_route(
 ///   seconds
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "media_thumbnail_get")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_content_thumbnail_v1_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_content_thumbnail::v3::Response>> {
-	get_content_thumbnail_route(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	get_content_thumbnail_route(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }

 async fn get_remote_content(
-	services: &Services, mxc: &str, server_name: &ruma::ServerName, media_id: String, allow_redirect: bool,
-	timeout_ms: Duration,
+	mxc: &str, server_name: &ruma::ServerName, media_id: String, allow_redirect: bool, timeout_ms: Duration,
 ) -> Result<get_content::v3::Response, Error> {
-	if services
+	if services()
 		.globals
 		.prevent_media_downloads_from()
 		.contains(&server_name.to_owned())
@@ -495,10 +496,10 @@ async fn get_remote_content(
 		// we'll lie to the client and say the blocked server's media was not found and
 		// log. the client has no way of telling anyways so this is a security bonus.
 		debug_warn!("Received request for media `{mxc}` on blocklisted server");
-		return Err!(Request(NotFound("Media not found.")));
+		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Media not found."));
 	}

-	let content_response = services
+	let content_response = services()
 		.sending
 		.send_federation_request(
 			server_name,
@@ -518,7 +519,7 @@ async fn get_remote_content(
 		None,
 	));

-	services
+	services()
 		.media
 		.create(
 			None,
@@ -537,3 +538,235 @@ async fn get_remote_content(
 		cache_control: Some(CACHE_CONTROL_IMMUTABLE.to_owned()),
 	})
 }
+
+async fn download_image(client: &reqwest::Client, url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
+	let image = client.get(url).send().await?.bytes().await?;
+	let mxc = format!(
+		"mxc://{}/{}",
+		services().globals.server_name(),
+		utils::random_string(MXC_LENGTH)
+	);
+
+	services()
+		.media
+		.create(None, &mxc, None, None, &image)
+		.await?;
+
+	let (width, height) = match ImgReader::new(Cursor::new(&image)).with_guessed_format() {
+		Err(_) => (None, None),
+		Ok(reader) => match reader.into_dimensions() {
+			Err(_) => (None, None),
+			Ok((width, height)) => (Some(width), Some(height)),
+		},
+	};
+
+	Ok(UrlPreviewData {
+		image: Some(mxc),
+		image_size: Some(image.len()),
+		image_width: width,
+		image_height: height,
+		..Default::default()
+	})
+}
+
+async fn download_html(client: &reqwest::Client, url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
+	let mut response = client.get(url).send().await?;
+
+	let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+	while let Some(chunk) = response.chunk().await? {
+		bytes.extend_from_slice(&chunk);
+		if bytes.len() > services().globals.url_preview_max_spider_size() {
+			debug!(
+				"Response body from URL {} exceeds url_preview_max_spider_size ({}), not processing the rest of the \
+				 response body and assuming our necessary data is in this range.",
+				url,
+				services().globals.url_preview_max_spider_size()
+			);
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	let body = String::from_utf8_lossy(&bytes);
+	let Ok(html) = HTML::from_string(body.to_string(), Some(url.to_owned())) else {
+		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Failed to parse HTML"));
+	};
+
+	let mut data = match html.opengraph.images.first() {
+		None => UrlPreviewData::default(),
+		Some(obj) => download_image(client, &obj.url).await?,
+	};
+
+	let props = html.opengraph.properties;
+
+	/* use OpenGraph title/description, but fall back to HTML if not available */
+	data.title = props.get("title").cloned().or(html.title);
+	data.description = props.get("description").cloned().or(html.description);
+
+	Ok(data)
+}
+
+async fn request_url_preview(url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
+	if let Ok(ip) = IPAddress::parse(url) {
+		if !services().globals.valid_cidr_range(&ip) {
+			return Err(Error::BadServerResponse("Requesting from this address is forbidden"));
+		}
+	}
+
+	let client = &services().globals.client.url_preview;
+	let response = client.head(url).send().await?;
+
+	if let Some(remote_addr) = response.remote_addr() {
+		if let Ok(ip) = IPAddress::parse(remote_addr.ip().to_string()) {
+			if !services().globals.valid_cidr_range(&ip) {
+				return Err(Error::BadServerResponse("Requesting from this address is forbidden"));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	let Some(content_type) = response
+		.headers()
+		.get(reqwest::header::CONTENT_TYPE)
+		.and_then(|x| x.to_str().ok())
+	else {
+		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Unknown Content-Type"));
+	};
+	let data = match content_type {
+		html if html.starts_with("text/html") => download_html(client, url).await?,
+		img if img.starts_with("image/") => download_image(client, url).await?,
+		_ => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Unsupported Content-Type")),
+	};
+
+	services().media.set_url_preview(url, &data).await?;
+
+	Ok(data)
+}
+
+async fn get_url_preview(url: &str) -> Result<UrlPreviewData> {
+	if let Some(preview) = services().media.get_url_preview(url).await {
+		return Ok(preview);
+	}
+
+	// ensure that only one request is made per URL
+	let mutex_request = Arc::clone(
+		services()
+			.media
+			.url_preview_mutex
+			.write()
+			.await
+			.entry(url.to_owned())
+			.or_default(),
+	);
+	let _request_lock = mutex_request.lock().await;
+
+	match services().media.get_url_preview(url).await {
+		Some(preview) => Ok(preview),
+		None => request_url_preview(url).await,
+	}
+}
+
+fn url_preview_allowed(url_str: &str) -> bool {
+	let url: Url = match Url::parse(url_str) {
+		Ok(u) => u,
+		Err(e) => {
+			warn!("Failed to parse URL from a str: {}", e);
+			return false;
+		},
+	};
+
+	if ["http", "https"]
+		.iter()
+		.all(|&scheme| scheme != url.scheme().to_lowercase())
+	{
+		debug!("Ignoring non-HTTP/HTTPS URL to preview: {}", url);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	let host = match url.host_str() {
+		None => {
+			debug!("Ignoring URL preview for a URL that does not have a host (?): {}", url);
+			return false;
+		},
+		Some(h) => h.to_owned(),
+	};
+
+	let allowlist_domain_contains = services().globals.url_preview_domain_contains_allowlist();
+	let allowlist_domain_explicit = services().globals.url_preview_domain_explicit_allowlist();
+	let denylist_domain_explicit = services().globals.url_preview_domain_explicit_denylist();
+	let allowlist_url_contains = services().globals.url_preview_url_contains_allowlist();
+
+	if allowlist_domain_contains.contains(&"*".to_owned())
+		|| allowlist_domain_explicit.contains(&"*".to_owned())
+		|| allowlist_url_contains.contains(&"*".to_owned())
+	{
+		debug!("Config key contains * which is allowing all URL previews. Allowing URL {}", url);
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	if !host.is_empty() {
+		if denylist_domain_explicit.contains(&host) {
+			debug!(
+				"Host {} is not allowed by url_preview_domain_explicit_denylist (check 1/4)",
+				&host
+			);
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if allowlist_domain_explicit.contains(&host) {
+			debug!("Host {} is allowed by url_preview_domain_explicit_allowlist (check 2/4)", &host);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if allowlist_domain_contains
+			.iter()
+			.any(|domain_s| domain_s.contains(&host.clone()))
+		{
+			debug!("Host {} is allowed by url_preview_domain_contains_allowlist (check 3/4)", &host);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if allowlist_url_contains
+			.iter()
+			.any(|url_s| url.to_string().contains(&url_s.to_string()))
+		{
+			debug!("URL {} is allowed by url_preview_url_contains_allowlist (check 4/4)", &host);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		// check root domain if available and if user has root domain checks
+		if services().globals.url_preview_check_root_domain() {
+			debug!("Checking root domain");
+			match host.split_once('.') {
+				None => return false,
+				Some((_, root_domain)) => {
+					if denylist_domain_explicit.contains(&root_domain.to_owned()) {
+						debug!(
+							"Root domain {} is not allowed by url_preview_domain_explicit_denylist (check 1/3)",
+							&root_domain
+						);
+						return true;
+					}
+
+					if allowlist_domain_explicit.contains(&root_domain.to_owned()) {
+						debug!(
+							"Root domain {} is allowed by url_preview_domain_explicit_allowlist (check 2/3)",
+							&root_domain
+						);
+						return true;
+					}
+
+					if allowlist_domain_contains
+						.iter()
+						.any(|domain_s| domain_s.contains(&root_domain.to_owned()))
+					{
+						debug!(
+							"Root domain {} is allowed by url_preview_domain_contains_allowlist (check 3/3)",
+							&root_domain
+						);
+						return true;
+					}
+				},
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	false
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashSet};

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::PduCount;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
@@ -13,10 +12,7 @@ use ruma::{
 };
 use serde_json::{from_str, Value};

-use crate::{
-	service::{pdu::PduBuilder, Services},
-	utils, Error, PduEvent, Result, Ruma,
-};
+use crate::{service::pdu::PduBuilder, services, utils, Error, PduEvent, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/v3/rooms/{roomId}/send/{eventType}/{txnId}`
 ///
@@ -28,19 +24,21 @@ use crate::{
 /// - Tries to send the event into the room, auth rules will determine if it is
 ///   allowed
 pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<send_message_event::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<send_message_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_message_event::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_deref();

-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;

 	// Forbid m.room.encrypted if encryption is disabled
-	if MessageLikeEventType::RoomEncrypted == body.event_type && !services.globals.allow_encryption() {
+	if MessageLikeEventType::RoomEncrypted == body.event_type && !services().globals.allow_encryption() {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Encryption has been disabled"));
 	}

-	if body.event_type == MessageLikeEventType::CallInvite && services.rooms.directory.is_public_room(&body.room_id)? {
+	if body.event_type == MessageLikeEventType::CallInvite
+		&& services().rooms.directory.is_public_room(&body.room_id)?
+	{
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::forbidden(),
 			"Room call invites are not allowed in public rooms",
@@ -48,7 +46,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 	}

 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
-	if let Some(response) = services
+	if let Some(response) = services()
 		.transaction_ids
 		.existing_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)?
 	{
@@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 	let mut unsigned = BTreeMap::new();
 	unsigned.insert("transaction_id".to_owned(), body.txn_id.to_string().into());

-	let event_id = services
+	let event_id = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -91,7 +89,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 		)
 		.await?;

-	services
+	services()
 		.transaction_ids
 		.add_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id, event_id.as_bytes())?;

@@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_message_event_route(
 /// - Only works if the user is joined (TODO: always allow, but only show events
 ///   where the user was joined, depending on `history_visibility`)
 pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_message_events::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_message_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_message_events::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 		.as_ref()
 		.and_then(|t| PduCount::try_from_string(t).ok());

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.lazy_loading
 		.lazy_load_confirm_delivery(sender_user, sender_device, &body.room_id, from)
@@ -141,12 +139,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(

 	match body.dir {
 		ruma::api::Direction::Forward => {
-			let events_after: Vec<_> = services
+			let events_after: Vec<_> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.pdus_after(sender_user, &body.room_id, from)?
 				.filter_map(Result::ok) // Filter out buggy events
-				.filter(|(_, pdu)| { contains_url_filter(pdu, &body.filter) && visibility_filter(&services, pdu, sender_user, &body.room_id)
+				.filter(|(_, pdu)| { contains_url_filter(pdu, &body.filter) && visibility_filter(pdu, sender_user, &body.room_id)

 				})
 				.take_while(|&(k, _)| Some(k) != to) // Stop at `to`
@@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 				 * https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/21034
 				 */
 				if !cfg!(feature = "element_hacks")
-					&& !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+					&& !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 						sender_user,
 						sender_device,
 						&body.room_id,
@@ -183,17 +181,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 			resp.chunk = events_after;
 		},
 		ruma::api::Direction::Backward => {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.backfill_if_required(&body.room_id, from)
 				.await?;
-			let events_before: Vec<_> = services
+			let events_before: Vec<_> = services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.pdus_until(sender_user, &body.room_id, from)?
 				.filter_map(Result::ok) // Filter out buggy events
-				.filter(|(_, pdu)| {contains_url_filter(pdu, &body.filter) && visibility_filter(&services, pdu, sender_user, &body.room_id)})
+				.filter(|(_, pdu)| {contains_url_filter(pdu, &body.filter) && visibility_filter(pdu, sender_user, &body.room_id)})
 				.take_while(|&(k, _)| Some(k) != to) // Stop at `to`
 				.take(limit)
 				.collect();
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 				 * https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/21034
 				 */
 				if !cfg!(feature = "element_hacks")
-					&& !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+					&& !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 						sender_user,
 						sender_device,
 						&body.room_id,
@@ -231,12 +229,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(

 	resp.state = Vec::new();
 	for ll_id in &lazy_loaded {
-		if let Some(member_event) =
-			services
-				.rooms
-				.state_accessor
-				.room_state_get(&body.room_id, &StateEventType::RoomMember, ll_id.as_str())?
-		{
+		if let Some(member_event) = services().rooms.state_accessor.room_state_get(
+			&body.room_id,
+			&StateEventType::RoomMember,
+			ll_id.as_str(),
+		)? {
 			resp.state.push(member_event.to_state_event());
 		}
 	}
@@ -244,7 +241,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 	// remove the feature check when we are sure clients like element can handle it
 	if !cfg!(feature = "element_hacks") {
 		if let Some(next_token) = next_token {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.lazy_loading
 				.lazy_load_mark_sent(sender_user, sender_device, &body.room_id, lazy_loaded, next_token)
@@ -255,8 +252,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_message_events_route(
 	Ok(resp)
 }

-fn visibility_filter(services: &Services, pdu: &PduEvent, user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId) -> bool {
-	services
+fn visibility_filter(pdu: &PduEvent, user_id: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId) -> bool {
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_event(user_id, room_id, &pdu.event_id)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::utils;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{account, error::ErrorKind},
@@ -8,7 +7,7 @@ use ruma::{
 };

 use super::TOKEN_LENGTH;
-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/v3/user/{userId}/openid/request_token`
 ///
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
 ///
 /// - The token generated is only valid for the OpenID API
 pub(crate) async fn create_openid_token_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<account::request_openid_token::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<account::request_openid_token::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<account::request_openid_token::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -29,14 +28,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_openid_token_route(

 	let access_token = utils::random_string(TOKEN_LENGTH);

-	let expires_in = services
+	let expires_in = services()
 		.users
 		.create_openid_token(&body.user_id, &access_token)?;

 	Ok(account::request_openid_token::v3::Response {
 		access_token,
 		token_type: TokenType::Bearer,
-		matrix_server_name: services.globals.config.server_name.clone(),
+		matrix_server_name: services().globals.config.server_name.clone(),
 		expires_in: Duration::from_secs(expires_in),
 	})
 }
@@ -1,32 +1,22 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::{
 	error::ErrorKind,
 	presence::{get_presence, set_presence},
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/presence/{userId}/status`
 ///
 /// Sets the presence state of the sender user.
-pub(crate) async fn set_presence_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_presence::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<set_presence::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
+pub(crate) async fn set_presence_route(body: Ruma<set_presence::v3::Request>) -> Result<set_presence::v3::Response> {
+	if !services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Presence is disabled on this server"));
 	}

 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	if sender_user != &body.user_id && body.appservice_info.is_none() {
-		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
-			ErrorKind::InvalidParam,
-			"Not allowed to set presence of other users",
-		));
-	}
-
-	services
+	services()
 		.presence
 		.set_presence(sender_user, &body.presence, None, None, body.status_msg.clone())?;

@@ -38,10 +28,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_presence_route(
 /// Gets the presence state of the given user.
 ///
 /// - Only works if you share a room with the user
-pub(crate) async fn get_presence_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_presence::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_presence::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
+pub(crate) async fn get_presence_route(body: Ruma<get_presence::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_presence::v3::Response> {
+	if !services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Presence is disabled on this server"));
 	}

@@ -49,12 +37,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_presence_route(

 	let mut presence_event = None;

-	for _room_id in services
+	for _room_id in services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.clone(), body.user_id.clone()])?
 	{
-		if let Some(presence) = services.presence.get_presence(&body.user_id)? {
+		if let Some(presence) = services().presence.get_presence(&body.user_id)? {
 			presence_event = Some(presence);
 			break;
 		}
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
-use conduit::{pdu::PduBuilder, warn, Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{
 		client::{
@@ -13,9 +11,12 @@ use ruma::{
 	OwnedMxcUri, OwnedRoomId, OwnedUserId,
 };
 use serde_json::value::to_raw_value;
-use service::Services;
+use tracing::warn;

-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{
+	service::{pdu::PduBuilder, user_is_local},
+	services, Error, Result, Ruma,
+};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/profile/{userId}/displayname`
 ///
@@ -23,21 +24,21 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 ///
 /// - Also makes sure other users receive the update using presence EDUs
 pub(crate) async fn set_displayname_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_display_name::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_display_name::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_display_name::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services
+	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(sender_user)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.collect();

-	update_displayname(&services, sender_user.clone(), body.displayname.clone(), all_joined_rooms).await?;
+	update_displayname(sender_user.clone(), body.displayname.clone(), all_joined_rooms).await?;

-	if services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
+	if services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
 		// Presence update
-		services
+		services()
 			.presence
 			.ping_presence(sender_user, &PresenceState::Online)?;
 	}
@@ -52,11 +53,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_displayname_route(
 /// - If user is on another server and we do not have a local copy already fetch
 ///   displayname over federation
 pub(crate) async fn get_displayname_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_display_name::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_display_name::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_display_name::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
+	if !user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
 		// Create and update our local copy of the user
-		if let Ok(response) = services
+		if let Ok(response) = services()
 			.sending
 			.send_federation_request(
 				body.user_id.server_name(),
@@ -67,19 +68,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_displayname_route(
 			)
 			.await
 		{
-			if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
-				services.users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
+			if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+				services().users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
 			}

-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_displayname(&body.user_id, response.displayname.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_avatar_url(&body.user_id, response.avatar_url.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_blurhash(&body.user_id, response.blurhash.clone())
 				.await?;
@@ -90,14 +91,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_displayname_route(
 		}
 	}

-	if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
 		// Return 404 if this user doesn't exist and we couldn't fetch it over
 		// federation
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Profile was not found."));
 	}

 	Ok(get_display_name::v3::Response {
-		displayname: services.users.displayname(&body.user_id)?,
+		displayname: services().users.displayname(&body.user_id)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -107,10 +108,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_displayname_route(
 ///
 /// - Also makes sure other users receive the update using presence EDUs
 pub(crate) async fn set_avatar_url_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_avatar_url::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_avatar_url::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_avatar_url::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
-	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services
+	let all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(sender_user)
@@ -118,7 +119,6 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_avatar_url_route(
 		.collect();

 	update_avatar_url(
-		&services,
 		sender_user.clone(),
 		body.avatar_url.clone(),
 		body.blurhash.clone(),
@@ -126,9 +126,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_avatar_url_route(
 	)
 	.await?;

-	if services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
+	if services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
 		// Presence update
-		services
+		services()
 			.presence
 			.ping_presence(sender_user, &PresenceState::Online)?;
 	}
@@ -143,11 +143,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_avatar_url_route(
 /// - If user is on another server and we do not have a local copy already fetch
 ///   `avatar_url` and blurhash over federation
 pub(crate) async fn get_avatar_url_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_avatar_url::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_avatar_url::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_avatar_url::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
+	if !user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
 		// Create and update our local copy of the user
-		if let Ok(response) = services
+		if let Ok(response) = services()
 			.sending
 			.send_federation_request(
 				body.user_id.server_name(),
@@ -158,19 +158,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_avatar_url_route(
 			)
 			.await
 		{
-			if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
-				services.users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
+			if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+				services().users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
 			}

-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_displayname(&body.user_id, response.displayname.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_avatar_url(&body.user_id, response.avatar_url.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_blurhash(&body.user_id, response.blurhash.clone())
 				.await?;
@@ -182,15 +182,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_avatar_url_route(
 		}
 	}

-	if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
 		// Return 404 if this user doesn't exist and we couldn't fetch it over
 		// federation
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Profile was not found."));
 	}

 	Ok(get_avatar_url::v3::Response {
-		avatar_url: services.users.avatar_url(&body.user_id)?,
-		blurhash: services.users.blurhash(&body.user_id)?,
+		avatar_url: services().users.avatar_url(&body.user_id)?,
+		blurhash: services().users.blurhash(&body.user_id)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -200,12 +200,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_avatar_url_route(
 ///
 /// - If user is on another server and we do not have a local copy already,
 ///   fetch profile over federation.
-pub(crate) async fn get_profile_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_profile::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_profile::v3::Response> {
-	if !services.globals.user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
+pub(crate) async fn get_profile_route(body: Ruma<get_profile::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_profile::v3::Response> {
+	if !user_is_local(&body.user_id) {
 		// Create and update our local copy of the user
-		if let Ok(response) = services
+		if let Ok(response) = services()
 			.sending
 			.send_federation_request(
 				body.user_id.server_name(),
@@ -216,19 +214,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_profile_route(
 			)
 			.await
 		{
-			if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
-				services.users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
+			if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+				services().users.create(&body.user_id, None)?;
 			}

-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_displayname(&body.user_id, response.displayname.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_avatar_url(&body.user_id, response.avatar_url.clone())
 				.await?;
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.set_blurhash(&body.user_id, response.blurhash.clone())
 				.await?;
@@ -241,23 +239,23 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_profile_route(
 		}
 	}

-	if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
 		// Return 404 if this user doesn't exist and we couldn't fetch it over
 		// federation
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Profile was not found."));
 	}

 	Ok(get_profile::v3::Response {
-		avatar_url: services.users.avatar_url(&body.user_id)?,
-		blurhash: services.users.blurhash(&body.user_id)?,
-		displayname: services.users.displayname(&body.user_id)?,
+		avatar_url: services().users.avatar_url(&body.user_id)?,
+		blurhash: services().users.blurhash(&body.user_id)?,
+		displayname: services().users.displayname(&body.user_id)?,
 	})
 }

 pub async fn update_displayname(
-	services: &Services, user_id: OwnedUserId, displayname: Option<String>, all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId>,
+	user_id: OwnedUserId, displayname: Option<String>, all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_displayname(&user_id, displayname.clone())
 		.await?;
@@ -273,7 +271,7 @@ pub async fn update_displayname(
 						displayname: displayname.clone(),
 						join_authorized_via_users_server: None,
 						..serde_json::from_str(
-							services
+							services()
 								.rooms
 								.state_accessor
 								.room_state_get(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomMember, user_id.as_str())?
@@ -296,20 +294,19 @@ pub async fn update_displayname(
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.collect();

-	update_all_rooms(services, all_joined_rooms, user_id).await;
+	update_all_rooms(all_joined_rooms, user_id).await;

 	Ok(())
 }

 pub async fn update_avatar_url(
-	services: &Services, user_id: OwnedUserId, avatar_url: Option<OwnedMxcUri>, blurhash: Option<String>,
-	all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId>,
+	user_id: OwnedUserId, avatar_url: Option<OwnedMxcUri>, blurhash: Option<String>, all_joined_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_avatar_url(&user_id, avatar_url.clone())
 		.await?;
-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.set_blurhash(&user_id, blurhash.clone())
 		.await?;
@@ -326,7 +323,7 @@ pub async fn update_avatar_url(
 						blurhash: blurhash.clone(),
 						join_authorized_via_users_server: None,
 						..serde_json::from_str(
-							services
+							services()
 								.rooms
 								.state_accessor
 								.room_state_get(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomMember, user_id.as_str())?
@@ -349,17 +346,15 @@ pub async fn update_avatar_url(
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.collect();

-	update_all_rooms(services, all_joined_rooms, user_id).await;
+	update_all_rooms(all_joined_rooms, user_id).await;

 	Ok(())
 }

-pub async fn update_all_rooms(
-	services: &Services, all_joined_rooms: Vec<(PduBuilder, &OwnedRoomId)>, user_id: OwnedUserId,
-) {
+pub async fn update_all_rooms(all_joined_rooms: Vec<(PduBuilder, &OwnedRoomId)>, user_id: OwnedUserId) {
 	for (pdu_builder, room_id) in all_joined_rooms {
-		let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(room_id).await;
-		if let Err(e) = services
+		let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(room_id).await;
+		if let Err(e) = services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(pdu_builder, &user_id, room_id, &state_lock)
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		error::ErrorKind,
@@ -11,18 +10,18 @@ use ruma::{
 	push::{InsertPushRuleError, RemovePushRuleError, Ruleset},
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/pushrules/`
 ///
 /// Retrieves the push rules event for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn get_pushrules_all_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_pushrules_all::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_pushrules_all::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrules_all::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let event =
-		services
+		services()
 			.account_data
 			.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?;

@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrules_all_route(
 			global: account_data.global,
 		})
 	} else {
-		services.account_data.update(
+		services().account_data.update(
 			None,
 			sender_user,
 			GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -56,12 +55,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrules_all_route(
 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/pushrules/{scope}/{kind}/{ruleId}`
 ///
 /// Retrieves a single specified push rule for this user.
-pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_pushrule::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_pushrule::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_route(body: Ruma<get_pushrule::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_pushrule::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -87,9 +84,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_route(
 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/pushrules/{scope}/{kind}/{ruleId}`
 ///
 /// Creates a single specified push rule for this user.
-pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_pushrule::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<set_pushrule::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(body: Ruma<set_pushrule::v3::Request>) -> Result<set_pushrule::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let body = body.body;

@@ -100,7 +95,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -139,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
 		return Err(err);
 	}

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		sender_user,
 		GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -153,7 +148,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_route(
 ///
 /// Gets the actions of a single specified push rule for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_actions_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrule_actions::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -164,7 +159,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_actions_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -188,7 +183,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_actions_route(
 ///
 /// Sets the actions of a single specified push rule for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_actions_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_pushrule_actions::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pushrule_actions::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -199,7 +194,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_actions_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -216,7 +211,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_actions_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Push rule not found."));
 	}

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		sender_user,
 		GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -230,7 +225,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_actions_route(
 ///
 /// Gets the enabled status of a single specified push rule for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_enabled_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_pushrule_enabled::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -241,7 +236,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_enabled_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -264,7 +259,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushrule_enabled_route(
 ///
 /// Sets the enabled status of a single specified push rule for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_enabled_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_pushrule_enabled::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_pushrule_enabled::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -275,7 +270,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_enabled_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -292,7 +287,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_enabled_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Push rule not found."));
 	}

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		sender_user,
 		GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -306,7 +301,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_pushrule_enabled_route(
 ///
 /// Deletes a single specified push rule for this user.
 pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_pushrule::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<delete_pushrule::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<delete_pushrule::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -317,7 +312,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(None, sender_user, GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into())?
 		.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "PushRules event not found."))?;
@@ -341,7 +336,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
 		return Err(err);
 	}

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		None,
 		sender_user,
 		GlobalAccountDataEventType::PushRules.to_string().into(),
@@ -354,13 +349,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_pushrule_route(
 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/pushers`
 ///
 /// Gets all currently active pushers for the sender user.
-pub(crate) async fn get_pushers_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_pushers::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_pushers::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_pushers_route(body: Ruma<get_pushers::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_pushers::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	Ok(get_pushers::v3::Response {
-		pushers: services.pusher.get_pushers(sender_user)?,
+		pushers: services().pusher.get_pushers(sender_user)?,
 	})
 }

@@ -369,12 +362,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_pushers_route(
 /// Adds a pusher for the sender user.
 ///
 /// - TODO: Handle `append`
-pub(crate) async fn set_pushers_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_pusher::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<set_pusher::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn set_pushers_route(body: Ruma<set_pusher::v3::Request>) -> Result<set_pusher::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services.pusher.set_pusher(sender_user, &body.action)?;
+	services().pusher.set_pusher(sender_user, &body.action)?;

 	Ok(set_pusher::v3::Response::default())
 }
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::PduCount;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{error::ErrorKind, read_marker::set_read_marker, receipt::create_receipt},
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@ use ruma::{
 	MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch,
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/read_markers`
 ///
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
 /// - If `read_receipt` is set: Update private marker and public read receipt
 ///   EDU
 pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<set_read_marker::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<set_read_marker::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<set_read_marker::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 				event_id: fully_read.clone(),
 			},
 		};
-		services.account_data.update(
+		services().account_data.update(
 			Some(&body.room_id),
 			sender_user,
 			RoomAccountDataEventType::FullyRead,
@@ -40,14 +39,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 	}

 	if body.private_read_receipt.is_some() || body.read_receipt.is_some() {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.user
 			.reset_notification_counts(sender_user, &body.room_id)?;
 	}

 	if let Some(event) = &body.private_read_receipt {
-		let count = services
+		let count = services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.get_pdu_count(event)?
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 			},
 			PduCount::Normal(c) => c,
 		};
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.read_receipt
 			.private_read_set(&body.room_id, sender_user, count)?;
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 		let mut receipt_content = BTreeMap::new();
 		receipt_content.insert(event.to_owned(), receipts);

-		services.rooms.read_receipt.readreceipt_update(
+		services().rooms.read_receipt.readreceipt_update(
 			sender_user,
 			&body.room_id,
 			&ruma::events::receipt::ReceiptEvent {
@@ -100,7 +99,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn set_read_marker_route(
 ///
 /// Sets private read marker and public read receipt EDU.
 pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_receipt::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<create_receipt::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_receipt::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 		&body.receipt_type,
 		create_receipt::v3::ReceiptType::Read | create_receipt::v3::ReceiptType::ReadPrivate
 	) {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.user
 			.reset_notification_counts(sender_user, &body.room_id)?;
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 					event_id: body.event_id.clone(),
 				},
 			};
-			services.account_data.update(
+			services().account_data.update(
 				Some(&body.room_id),
 				sender_user,
 				RoomAccountDataEventType::FullyRead,
@@ -143,7 +142,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 			let mut receipt_content = BTreeMap::new();
 			receipt_content.insert(body.event_id.clone(), receipts);

-			services.rooms.read_receipt.readreceipt_update(
+			services().rooms.read_receipt.readreceipt_update(
 				sender_user,
 				&body.room_id,
 				&ruma::events::receipt::ReceiptEvent {
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 			)?;
 		},
 		create_receipt::v3::ReceiptType::ReadPrivate => {
-			let count = services
+			let count = services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.get_pdu_count(&body.event_id)?
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_receipt_route(
 				},
 				PduCount::Normal(c) => c,
 			};
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.read_receipt
 				.private_read_set(&body.room_id, sender_user, count)?;
@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::redact::redact_event,
 	events::{room::redaction::RoomRedactionEventContent, TimelineEventType},
 };
 use serde_json::value::to_raw_value;

-use crate::{service::pdu::PduBuilder, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{service::pdu::PduBuilder, services, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/redact/{eventId}/{txnId}`
 ///
 /// Tries to send a redaction event into the room.
 ///
 /// - TODO: Handle txn id
-pub(crate) async fn redact_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<redact_event::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<redact_event::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn redact_event_route(body: Ruma<redact_event::v3::Request>) -> Result<redact_event::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let body = body.body;

-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;

-	let event_id = services
+	let event_id = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::relations::{
 	get_relating_events, get_relating_events_with_rel_type, get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type,
 };

-use crate::{Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/relations/{eventId}/{relType}/{eventType}`
 pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type::v1::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type::v1::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let res = services.rooms.pdu_metadata.paginate_relations_with_filter(
+	let res = services()
+		.rooms
+		.pdu_metadata
+		.paginate_relations_with_filter(
 			sender_user,
 			&body.room_id,
 			&body.event_id,
@@ -34,11 +36,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_and_event_type_route(

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/relations/{eventId}/{relType}`
 pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_relating_events_with_rel_type::v1::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_relating_events_with_rel_type::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events_with_rel_type::v1::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let res = services.rooms.pdu_metadata.paginate_relations_with_filter(
+	let res = services()
+		.rooms
+		.pdu_metadata
+		.paginate_relations_with_filter(
 			sender_user,
 			&body.room_id,
 			&body.event_id,
@@ -61,11 +66,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_with_rel_type_route(

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/relations/{eventId}`
 pub(crate) async fn get_relating_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_relating_events::v1::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_relating_events::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_relating_events::v1::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services.rooms.pdu_metadata.paginate_relations_with_filter(
+	services()
+		.rooms
+		.pdu_metadata
+		.paginate_relations_with_filter(
 			sender_user,
 			&body.room_id,
 			&body.event_id,
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::time::Duration;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use rand::Rng;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{error::ErrorKind, room::report_content},
@@ -10,18 +9,13 @@ use ruma::{
 use tokio::time::sleep;
 use tracing::info;

-use crate::{
-	debug_info,
-	service::{pdu::PduEvent, Services},
-	utils::HtmlEscape,
-	Error, Result, Ruma,
-};
+use crate::{debug_info, service::pdu::PduEvent, services, utils::HtmlEscape, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/v3/rooms/{roomId}/report/{eventId}`
 ///
 /// Reports an inappropriate event to homeserver admins
 pub(crate) async fn report_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<report_content::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<report_content::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<report_content::v3::Response> {
 	// user authentication
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
@@ -32,26 +26,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn report_event_route(
 	);

 	// check if we know about the reported event ID or if it's invalid
-	let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&body.event_id)? else {
+	let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&body.event_id)? else {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::NotFound,
 			"Event ID is not known to us or Event ID is invalid",
 		));
 	};

-	is_report_valid(
-		&services,
-		&pdu.event_id,
-		&body.room_id,
-		sender_user,
-		&body.reason,
-		body.score,
-		&pdu,
-	)?;
+	is_report_valid(&pdu.event_id, &body.room_id, sender_user, &body.reason, body.score, &pdu)?;

 	// send admin room message that we received the report with an @room ping for
 	// urgency
-	services
+	services()
 		.admin
 		.send_message(message::RoomMessageEventContent::text_html(
 			format!(
@@ -93,8 +79,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn report_event_route(
 /// check if score is in valid range
 /// check if report reasoning is less than or equal to 750 characters
 fn is_report_valid(
-	services: &Services, event_id: &EventId, room_id: &RoomId, sender_user: &UserId, reason: &Option<String>,
-	score: Option<ruma::Int>, pdu: &std::sync::Arc<PduEvent>,
+	event_id: &EventId, room_id: &RoomId, sender_user: &UserId, reason: &Option<String>, score: Option<ruma::Int>,
+	pdu: &std::sync::Arc<PduEvent>,
 ) -> Result<bool> {
 	debug_info!("Checking if report from user {sender_user} for event {event_id} in room {room_id} is valid");

@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@ fn is_report_valid(
 		));
 	}

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.room_members(&pdu.room_id)
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::{cmp::max, collections::BTreeMap};

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::{debug_info, debug_warn};
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ use tracing::{error, info, warn};

 use super::invite_helper;
 use crate::{
-	service::{appservice::RegistrationInfo, pdu::PduBuilder, Services},
-	Error, Result, Ruma,
+	service::{appservice::RegistrationInfo, pdu::PduBuilder},
+	services, Error, Result, Ruma,
 };

 /// Recommended transferable state events list from the spec
@@ -64,46 +63,44 @@ const TRANSFERABLE_STATE_EVENTS: &[StateEventType; 9] = &[
 /// - Send events listed in initial state
 /// - Send events implied by `name` and `topic`
 /// - Send invite events
-pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_room::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<create_room::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(body: Ruma<create_room::v3::Request>) -> Result<create_room::v3::Response> {
 	use create_room::v3::RoomPreset;

 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services.globals.allow_room_creation()
+	if !services().globals.allow_room_creation()
 		&& body.appservice_info.is_none()
-		&& !services.users.is_admin(sender_user)?
+		&& !services().users.is_admin(sender_user)?
 	{
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Room creation has been disabled."));
 	}

 	let room_id: OwnedRoomId = if let Some(custom_room_id) = &body.room_id {
-		custom_room_id_check(&services, custom_room_id)?
+		custom_room_id_check(custom_room_id)?
 	} else {
-		RoomId::new(&services.globals.config.server_name)
+		RoomId::new(&services().globals.config.server_name)
 	};

 	// check if room ID doesn't already exist instead of erroring on auth check
-	if services.rooms.short.get_shortroomid(&room_id)?.is_some() {
+	if services().rooms.short.get_shortroomid(&room_id)?.is_some() {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 			ErrorKind::RoomInUse,
 			"Room with that custom room ID already exists",
 		));
 	}

-	let _short_id = services.rooms.short.get_or_create_shortroomid(&room_id)?;
-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&room_id).await;
+	let _short_id = services().rooms.short.get_or_create_shortroomid(&room_id)?;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&room_id).await;

 	let alias: Option<OwnedRoomAliasId> = if let Some(alias) = &body.room_alias_name {
-		Some(room_alias_check(&services, alias, &body.appservice_info).await?)
+		Some(room_alias_check(alias, &body.appservice_info).await?)
 	} else {
 		None
 	};

 	let room_version = match body.room_version.clone() {
 		Some(room_version) => {
-			if services
+			if services()
 				.globals
 				.supported_room_versions()
 				.contains(&room_version)
@@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 				));
 			}
 		},
-		None => services.globals.default_room_version(),
+		None => services().globals.default_room_version(),
 	};

 	let content = match &body.creation_content {
@@ -187,7 +184,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	};

 	// 1. The room create event
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -205,7 +202,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 		.await?;

 	// 2. Let the room creator join
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -213,11 +210,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 				event_type: TimelineEventType::RoomMember,
 				content: to_raw_value(&RoomMemberEventContent {
 					membership: MembershipState::Join,
-					displayname: services.users.displayname(sender_user)?,
-					avatar_url: services.users.avatar_url(sender_user)?,
+					displayname: services().users.displayname(sender_user)?,
+					avatar_url: services().users.avatar_url(sender_user)?,
 					is_direct: Some(body.is_direct),
 					third_party_invite: None,
-					blurhash: services.users.blurhash(sender_user)?,
+					blurhash: services().users.blurhash(sender_user)?,
 					reason: None,
 					join_authorized_via_users_server: None,
 				})
@@ -252,7 +249,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	let power_levels_content =
 		default_power_levels_content(&body.power_level_content_override, &body.visibility, users)?;

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -271,7 +268,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(

 	// 4. Canonical room alias
 	if let Some(room_alias_id) = &alias {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -296,7 +293,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	// 5. Events set by preset

 	// 5.1 Join Rules
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -319,7 +316,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 		.await?;

 	// 5.2 History Visibility
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -338,7 +335,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 		.await?;

 	// 5.3 Guest Access
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -381,11 +378,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 		pdu_builder.state_key.get_or_insert_with(String::new);

 		// Silently skip encryption events if they are not allowed
-		if pdu_builder.event_type == TimelineEventType::RoomEncryption && !services.globals.allow_encryption() {
+		if pdu_builder.event_type == TimelineEventType::RoomEncryption && !services().globals.allow_encryption() {
 			continue;
 		}

-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(pdu_builder, sender_user, &room_id, &state_lock)
@@ -394,7 +391,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(

 	// 7. Events implied by name and topic
 	if let Some(name) = &body.name {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -414,7 +411,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	}

 	if let Some(topic) = &body.topic {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -438,21 +435,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 	// 8. Events implied by invite (and TODO: invite_3pid)
 	drop(state_lock);
 	for user_id in &body.invite {
-		if let Err(e) = invite_helper(&services, sender_user, user_id, &room_id, None, body.is_direct).await {
+		if let Err(e) = invite_helper(sender_user, user_id, &room_id, None, body.is_direct).await {
 			warn!(%e, "Failed to send invite");
 		}
 	}

 	// Homeserver specific stuff
 	if let Some(alias) = alias {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.alias
 			.set_alias(&alias, &room_id, sender_user)?;
 	}

 	if body.visibility == room::Visibility::Public {
-		services.rooms.directory.set_public(&room_id)?;
+		services().rooms.directory.set_public(&room_id)?;
 	}

 	info!("{sender_user} created a room with room ID {room_id}");
@@ -467,11 +464,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_room_route(
 /// - You have to currently be joined to the room (TODO: Respect history
 ///   visibility)
 pub(crate) async fn get_room_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_room_event::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_room_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_room_event::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu(&body.event_id)?
@@ -480,7 +477,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_event_route(
 			Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Event not found.")
 		})?;

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &event.room_id, &body.event_id)?
@@ -505,12 +502,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_event_route(
 ///
 /// - Only users joined to the room are allowed to call this, or if
 ///   `history_visibility` is world readable in the room
-pub(crate) async fn get_room_aliases_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<aliases::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<aliases::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_room_aliases_route(body: Ruma<aliases::v3::Request>) -> Result<aliases::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_state_events(sender_user, &body.room_id)?
@@ -522,7 +517,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_aliases_route(
 	}

 	Ok(aliases::v3::Response {
-		aliases: services
+		aliases: services()
 			.rooms
 			.alias
 			.local_aliases_for_room(&body.room_id)
@@ -541,12 +536,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_aliases_route(
 /// - Transfers some state events
 /// - Moves local aliases
 /// - Modifies old room power levels to prevent users from speaking
-pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<upgrade_room::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<upgrade_room::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(body: Ruma<upgrade_room::v3::Request>) -> Result<upgrade_room::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.globals
 		.supported_room_versions()
 		.contains(&body.new_version)
@@ -558,19 +551,19 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 	}

 	// Create a replacement room
-	let replacement_room = RoomId::new(services.globals.server_name());
+	let replacement_room = RoomId::new(services().globals.server_name());

-	let _short_id = services
+	let _short_id = services()
 		.rooms
 		.short
 		.get_or_create_shortroomid(&replacement_room)?;

-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&body.room_id).await;

 	// Send a m.room.tombstone event to the old room to indicate that it is not
 	// intended to be used any further Fail if the sender does not have the required
 	// permissions
-	let tombstone_event_id = services
+	let tombstone_event_id = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -593,11 +586,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(

 	// Change lock to replacement room
 	drop(state_lock);
-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(&replacement_room).await;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(&replacement_room).await;

 	// Get the old room creation event
 	let mut create_event_content = serde_json::from_str::<CanonicalJsonObject>(
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_get(&body.room_id, &StateEventType::RoomCreate, "")?
@@ -665,7 +658,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Error forming creation event"));
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -683,7 +676,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 		.await?;

 	// Join the new room
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -691,11 +684,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 				event_type: TimelineEventType::RoomMember,
 				content: to_raw_value(&RoomMemberEventContent {
 					membership: MembershipState::Join,
-					displayname: services.users.displayname(sender_user)?,
-					avatar_url: services.users.avatar_url(sender_user)?,
+					displayname: services().users.displayname(sender_user)?,
+					avatar_url: services().users.avatar_url(sender_user)?,
 					is_direct: None,
 					third_party_invite: None,
-					blurhash: services.users.blurhash(sender_user)?,
+					blurhash: services().users.blurhash(sender_user)?,
 					reason: None,
 					join_authorized_via_users_server: None,
 				})
@@ -712,7 +705,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(

 	// Replicate transferable state events to the new room
 	for event_type in TRANSFERABLE_STATE_EVENTS {
-		let event_content = match services
+		let event_content = match services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_get(&body.room_id, event_type, "")?
@@ -721,7 +714,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 			None => continue, // Skipping missing events.
 		};

-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -740,13 +733,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(
 	}

 	// Moves any local aliases to the new room
-	for alias in services
+	for alias in services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.local_aliases_for_room(&body.room_id)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 	{
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.alias
 			.set_alias(&alias, &replacement_room, sender_user)?;
@@ -754,7 +747,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(

 	// Get the old room power levels
 	let mut power_levels_event_content: RoomPowerLevelsEventContent = serde_json::from_str(
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_get(&body.room_id, &StateEventType::RoomPowerLevels, "")?
@@ -779,7 +772,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn upgrade_room_route(

 	// Modify the power levels in the old room to prevent sending of events and
 	// inviting new users
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -848,7 +841,7 @@ fn default_power_levels_content(

 /// if a room is being created with a room alias, run our checks
 async fn room_alias_check(
-	services: &Services, room_alias_name: &str, appservice_info: &Option<RegistrationInfo>,
+	room_alias_name: &str, appservice_info: &Option<RegistrationInfo>,
 ) -> Result<OwnedRoomAliasId> {
 	// Basic checks on the room alias validity
 	if room_alias_name.contains(':') {
@@ -865,7 +858,7 @@ async fn room_alias_check(
 	}

 	// check if room alias is forbidden
-	if services
+	if services()
 		.globals
 		.forbidden_alias_names()
 		.is_match(room_alias_name)
@@ -873,13 +866,13 @@ async fn room_alias_check(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Room alias name is forbidden."));
 	}

-	let full_room_alias = RoomAliasId::parse(format!("#{}:{}", room_alias_name, services.globals.config.server_name))
+	let full_room_alias = RoomAliasId::parse(format!("#{}:{}", room_alias_name, services().globals.config.server_name))
 		.map_err(|e| {
 			info!("Failed to parse room alias {room_alias_name}: {e}");
 			Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Invalid room alias specified.")
 		})?;

-	if services
+	if services()
 		.rooms
 		.alias
 		.resolve_local_alias(&full_room_alias)?
@@ -892,7 +885,7 @@ async fn room_alias_check(
 		if !info.aliases.is_match(full_room_alias.as_str()) {
 			return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Exclusive, "Room alias is not in namespace."));
 		}
-	} else if services
+	} else if services()
 		.appservice
 		.is_exclusive_alias(&full_room_alias)
 		.await
@@ -906,9 +899,9 @@ async fn room_alias_check(
 }

 /// if a room is being created with a custom room ID, run our checks against it
-fn custom_room_id_check(services: &Services, custom_room_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedRoomId> {
+fn custom_room_id_check(custom_room_id: &str) -> Result<OwnedRoomId> {
 	// apply forbidden room alias checks to custom room IDs too
-	if services
+	if services()
 		.globals
 		.forbidden_alias_names()
 		.is_match(custom_room_id)
@@ -929,7 +922,7 @@ fn custom_room_id_check(services: &Services, custom_room_id: &str) -> Result<Own
 		));
 	}

-	let full_room_id = format!("!{}:{}", custom_room_id, services.globals.config.server_name);
+	let full_room_id = format!("!{}:{}", custom_room_id, services().globals.config.server_name);

 	debug_info!("Full custom room ID: {full_room_id}");

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		error::ErrorKind,
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ use ruma::{
 };
 use tracing::debug;

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/search`
 ///
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
 ///
 /// - Only works if the user is currently joined to the room (TODO: Respect
 ///   history visibility)
-pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<search_events::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<search_events::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(body: Ruma<search_events::v3::Request>) -> Result<search_events::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let search_criteria = body.search_categories.room_events.as_ref().unwrap();
@@ -33,7 +30,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
 	let include_state = &search_criteria.include_state;

 	let room_ids = filter.rooms.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.rooms_joined(sender_user)
@@ -53,7 +50,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(

 	if include_state.is_some_and(|include_state| include_state) {
 		for room_id in &room_ids {
-			if !services.rooms.state_cache.is_joined(sender_user, room_id)? {
+			if !services()
+				.rooms
+				.state_cache
+				.is_joined(sender_user, room_id)?
+			{
 				return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 					ErrorKind::forbidden(),
 					"You don't have permission to view this room.",
@@ -61,12 +62,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
 			}

 			// check if sender_user can see state events
-			if services
+			if services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.user_can_see_state_events(sender_user, room_id)?
 			{
-				let room_state = services
+				let room_state = services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_full(room_id)
@@ -90,14 +91,18 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
 	let mut searches = Vec::new();

 	for room_id in &room_ids {
-		if !services.rooms.state_cache.is_joined(sender_user, room_id)? {
+		if !services()
+			.rooms
+			.state_cache
+			.is_joined(sender_user, room_id)?
+		{
 			return Err(Error::BadRequest(
 				ErrorKind::forbidden(),
 				"You don't have permission to view this room.",
 			));
 		}

-		if let Some(search) = services
+		if let Some(search) = services()
 			.rooms
 			.search
 			.search_pdus(room_id, &search_criteria.search_term)?
@@ -130,14 +135,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_events_route(
 		.iter()
 		.skip(skip)
 		.filter_map(|result| {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.timeline
 				.get_pdu_from_id(result)
 				.ok()?
 				.filter(|pdu| {
 					!pdu.is_redacted()
-						&& services
+						&& services()
 							.rooms
 							.state_accessor
 							.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &pdu.room_id, &pdu.event_id)
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		error::ErrorKind,
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ use serde::Deserialize;
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};

 use super::{DEVICE_ID_LENGTH, TOKEN_LENGTH};
-use crate::{utils, utils::hash, Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, utils, utils::hash, Error, Result, Ruma};

 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
 struct Claims {
@@ -56,9 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_login_types_route(
 /// Note: You can use [`GET
 /// /_matrix/client/r0/login`](fn.get_supported_versions_route.html) to see
 /// supported login types.
-pub(crate) async fn login_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<login::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<login::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn login_route(body: Ruma<login::v3::Request>) -> Result<login::v3::Response> {
 	// Validate login method
 	// TODO: Other login methods
 	let user_id = match &body.login_info {
@@ -71,7 +68,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 		}) => {
 			debug!("Got password login type");
 			let user_id = if let Some(UserIdentifier::UserIdOrLocalpart(user_id)) = identifier {
-				UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services.globals.server_name())
+				UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services().globals.server_name())
 			} else if let Some(user) = user {
 				UserId::parse(user)
 			} else {
@@ -80,7 +77,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 			}
 			.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidUsername, "Username is invalid."))?;

-			let hash = services
+			let hash = services()
 				.users
 				.password_hash(&user_id)?
 				.ok_or(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Wrong username or password."))?;
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 			token,
 		}) => {
 			debug!("Got token login type");
-			if let Some(jwt_decoding_key) = services.globals.jwt_decoding_key() {
+			if let Some(jwt_decoding_key) = services().globals.jwt_decoding_key() {
 				let token =
 					jsonwebtoken::decode::<Claims>(token, jwt_decoding_key, &jsonwebtoken::Validation::default())
 						.map_err(|e| {
@@ -109,7 +106,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(

 				let username = token.claims.sub.to_lowercase();

-				UserId::parse_with_server_name(username, services.globals.server_name()).map_err(|e| {
+				UserId::parse_with_server_name(username, services().globals.server_name()).map_err(|e| {
 					warn!("Failed to parse username from user logging in: {e}");
 					Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidUsername, "Username is invalid.")
 				})?
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 		}) => {
 			debug!("Got appservice login type");
 			let user_id = if let Some(UserIdentifier::UserIdOrLocalpart(user_id)) = identifier {
-				UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services.globals.server_name())
+				UserId::parse_with_server_name(user_id.to_lowercase(), services().globals.server_name())
 			} else if let Some(user) = user {
 				UserId::parse(user)
 			} else {
@@ -167,22 +164,22 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(

 	// Determine if device_id was provided and exists in the db for this user
 	let device_exists = body.device_id.as_ref().map_or(false, |device_id| {
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.all_device_ids(&user_id)
 			.any(|x| x.as_ref().map_or(false, |v| v == device_id))
 	});

 	if device_exists {
-		services.users.set_token(&user_id, &device_id, &token)?;
+		services().users.set_token(&user_id, &device_id, &token)?;
 	} else {
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.create_device(&user_id, &device_id, &token, body.initial_device_display_name.clone())?;
 	}

 	// send client well-known if specified so the client knows to reconfigure itself
-	let client_discovery_info: Option<DiscoveryInfo> = services
+	let client_discovery_info: Option<DiscoveryInfo> = services()
 		.globals
 		.well_known_client()
 		.as_ref()
@@ -200,7 +197,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 		device_id,
 		well_known: client_discovery_info,
 		expires_in: None,
-		home_server: Some(services.globals.server_name().to_owned()),
+		home_server: Some(services().globals.server_name().to_owned()),
 		refresh_token: None,
 	})
 }
@@ -214,16 +211,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn login_route(
 ///   last seen ts)
 /// - Forgets to-device events
 /// - Triggers device list updates
-pub(crate) async fn logout_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<logout::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<logout::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn logout_route(body: Ruma<logout::v3::Request>) -> Result<logout::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	services.users.remove_device(sender_user, sender_device)?;
+	services().users.remove_device(sender_user, sender_device)?;

 	// send device list update for user after logout
-	services.users.mark_device_key_update(sender_user)?;
+	services().users.mark_device_key_update(sender_user)?;

 	Ok(logout::v3::Response::new())
 }
@@ -241,17 +236,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn logout_route(
 /// Note: This is equivalent to calling [`GET
 /// /_matrix/client/r0/logout`](fn.logout_route.html) from each device of this
 /// user.
-pub(crate) async fn logout_all_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<logout_all::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<logout_all::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn logout_all_route(body: Ruma<logout_all::v3::Request>) -> Result<logout_all::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	for device_id in services.users.all_device_ids(sender_user).flatten() {
-		services.users.remove_device(sender_user, &device_id)?;
+	for device_id in services().users.all_device_ids(sender_user).flatten() {
+		services().users.remove_device(sender_user, &device_id)?;
 	}

 	// send device list update for user after logout
-	services.users.mark_device_key_update(sender_user)?;
+	services().users.mark_device_key_update(sender_user)?;

 	Ok(logout_all::v3::Response::new())
 }
@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 use std::str::FromStr;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{error::ErrorKind, space::get_hierarchy},
 	UInt,
 };

-use crate::{service::rooms::spaces::PaginationToken, Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{service::rooms::spaces::PaginationToken, services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/v1/rooms/{room_id}/hierarchy`
 ///
 /// Paginates over the space tree in a depth-first manner to locate child rooms
 /// of a given space.
-pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_hierarchy::v1::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_hierarchy::v1::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(body: Ruma<get_hierarchy::v1::Request>) -> Result<get_hierarchy::v1::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	let limit = body
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_hierarchy_route(
 		}
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.spaces
 		.get_client_hierarchy(
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use axum::extract::State;
-use conduit::{debug_info, error, pdu::PduBuilder, Error, Result};
+use conduit::{debug_info, error};
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{
 		error::ErrorKind,
@@ -18,9 +17,11 @@ use ruma::{
 	serde::Raw,
 	EventId, RoomId, UserId,
 };
-use service::Services;

-use crate::{Ruma, RumaResponse};
+use crate::{
+	service::{pdu::PduBuilder, server_is_ours},
+	services, Error, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse,
+};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/*/rooms/{roomId}/state/{eventType}/{stateKey}`
 ///
@@ -31,13 +32,12 @@ use crate::{Ruma, RumaResponse};
 ///   allowed
 /// - If event is new `canonical_alias`: Rejects if alias is incorrect
 pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_key_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<send_state_event::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<send_state_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_state_event::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	Ok(send_state_event::v3::Response {
 		event_id: send_state_event_for_key_helper(
-			&services,
 			sender_user,
 			&body.room_id,
 			&body.event_type,
@@ -58,11 +58,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_key_route(
 ///   allowed
 /// - If event is new `canonical_alias`: Rejects if alias is incorrect
 pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_empty_key_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<send_state_event::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<send_state_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<send_state_event::v3::Response>> {
-	send_state_event_for_key_route(State(services), body)
-		.await
-		.map(RumaResponse)
+	send_state_event_for_key_route(body).await.map(RumaResponse)
 }

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/v3/rooms/{roomid}/state`
@@ -72,11 +70,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_state_event_for_empty_key_route(
 /// - If not joined: Only works if current room history visibility is world
 ///   readable
 pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_state_events::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_state_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_state_events::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_state_events(sender_user, &body.room_id)?
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_route(
 	}

 	Ok(get_state_events::v3::Response {
-		room_state: services
+		room_state: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.room_state_full(&body.room_id)
@@ -108,11 +106,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_route(
 /// - If not joined: Only works if current room history visibility is world
 ///   readable
 pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_for_key_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.user_can_see_state_events(sender_user, &body.room_id)?
@@ -123,7 +121,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_for_key_route(
 		));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.room_state_get(&body.room_id, &body.event_type, &body.state_key)?
@@ -163,20 +161,17 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_for_key_route(
 /// - If not joined: Only works if current room history visibility is world
 ///   readable
 pub(crate) async fn get_state_events_for_empty_key_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_state_events_for_key::v3::Response>> {
-	get_state_events_for_key_route(State(services), body)
-		.await
-		.map(RumaResponse)
+	get_state_events_for_key_route(body).await.map(RumaResponse)
 }

 async fn send_state_event_for_key_helper(
-	services: &Services, sender: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId, event_type: &StateEventType,
-	json: &Raw<AnyStateEventContent>, state_key: String,
+	sender: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId, event_type: &StateEventType, json: &Raw<AnyStateEventContent>, state_key: String,
 ) -> Result<Arc<EventId>> {
-	allowed_to_send_state_event(services, room_id, event_type, json).await?;
-	let state_lock = services.rooms.state.mutex.lock(room_id).await;
-	let event_id = services
+	allowed_to_send_state_event(room_id, event_type, json).await?;
+	let state_lock = services().rooms.state.mutex.lock(room_id).await;
+	let event_id = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.build_and_append_pdu(
@@ -197,18 +192,18 @@ async fn send_state_event_for_key_helper(
 }

 async fn allowed_to_send_state_event(
-	services: &Services, room_id: &RoomId, event_type: &StateEventType, json: &Raw<AnyStateEventContent>,
+	room_id: &RoomId, event_type: &StateEventType, json: &Raw<AnyStateEventContent>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
 	match event_type {
 		// Forbid m.room.encryption if encryption is disabled
 		StateEventType::RoomEncryption => {
-			if !services.globals.allow_encryption() {
+			if !services().globals.allow_encryption() {
 				return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Encryption has been disabled"));
 			}
 		},
 		// admin room is a sensitive room, it should not ever be made public
 		StateEventType::RoomJoinRules => {
-			if let Some(admin_room_id) = services.admin.get_admin_room()? {
+			if let Some(admin_room_id) = service::admin::Service::get_admin_room()? {
 				if admin_room_id == room_id {
 					if let Ok(join_rule) = serde_json::from_str::<RoomJoinRulesEventContent>(json.json().get()) {
 						if join_rule.join_rule == JoinRule::Public {
@@ -223,7 +218,7 @@ async fn allowed_to_send_state_event(
 		},
 		// admin room is a sensitive room, it should not ever be made world readable
 		StateEventType::RoomHistoryVisibility => {
-			if let Some(admin_room_id) = services.admin.get_admin_room()? {
+			if let Some(admin_room_id) = service::admin::Service::get_admin_room()? {
 				if admin_room_id == room_id {
 					if let Ok(visibility_content) =
 						serde_json::from_str::<RoomHistoryVisibilityEventContent>(json.json().get())
@@ -248,8 +243,8 @@ async fn allowed_to_send_state_event(
 				}

 				for alias in aliases {
-					if !services.globals.server_is_ours(alias.server_name())
-						|| services
+					if !server_is_ours(alias.server_name())
+						|| services()
                           .rooms
                           .alias
                           .resolve_local_alias(&alias)?
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ use std::{
 	time::Duration,
 };

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::{
 	error,
 	utils::math::{ruma_from_u64, ruma_from_usize, usize_from_ruma, usize_from_u64_truncated},
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ use ruma::{
 			self,
 			v3::{
 				Ephemeral, Filter, GlobalAccountData, InviteState, InvitedRoom, JoinedRoom, LeftRoom, Presence,
-				RoomAccountData, RoomSummary, Rooms, State as RoomState, Timeline, ToDevice,
+				RoomAccountData, RoomSummary, Rooms, State, Timeline, ToDevice,
 			},
 			v4::SlidingOp,
 			DeviceLists, UnreadNotificationsCount,
@@ -35,10 +34,7 @@ use ruma::{
 };
 use tracing::{Instrument as _, Span};

-use crate::{
-	service::{pdu::EventHash, Services},
-	utils, Error, PduEvent, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse,
-};
+use crate::{service::pdu::EventHash, services, utils, Error, PduEvent, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/sync`
 ///
@@ -76,23 +72,23 @@ use crate::{
 /// - If the user left after `since`: `prev_batch` token, empty state (TODO:
 ///   subset of the state at the point of the leave)
 pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<sync_events::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<sync_events::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<sync_events::v3::Response, RumaResponse<UiaaResponse>> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.expect("user is authenticated");
 	let body = body.body;

 	// Presence update
-	if services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
-		services
+	if services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
+		services()
 			.presence
 			.ping_presence(&sender_user, &body.set_presence)?;
 	}

 	// Setup watchers, so if there's no response, we can wait for them
-	let watcher = services.globals.watch(&sender_user, &sender_device);
+	let watcher = services().globals.watch(&sender_user, &sender_device);

-	let next_batch = services.globals.current_count()?;
+	let next_batch = services().globals.current_count()?;
 	let next_batchcount = PduCount::Normal(next_batch);
 	let next_batch_string = next_batch.to_string();

@@ -100,7 +96,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	let filter = match body.filter {
 		None => FilterDefinition::default(),
 		Some(Filter::FilterDefinition(filter)) => filter,
-		Some(Filter::FilterId(filter_id)) => services
+		Some(Filter::FilterId(filter_id)) => services()
 			.users
 			.get_filter(&sender_user, &filter_id)?
 			.unwrap_or_default(),
@@ -130,29 +126,28 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(

 	// Look for device list updates of this account
 	device_list_updates.extend(
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.keys_changed(sender_user.as_ref(), since, None)
 			.filter_map(Result::ok),
 	);

-	if services.globals.allow_local_presence() {
-		process_presence_updates(&services, &mut presence_updates, since, &sender_user).await?;
+	if services().globals.allow_local_presence() {
+		process_presence_updates(&mut presence_updates, since, &sender_user).await?;
 	}

-	let all_joined_rooms = services
+	let all_joined_rooms = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(&sender_user)
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	// Coalesce database writes for the remainder of this scope.
-	let _cork = services.db.cork_and_flush();
+	let _cork = services().db.cork_and_flush();

 	for room_id in all_joined_rooms {
 		let room_id = room_id?;
 		if let Ok(joined_room) = load_joined_room(
-			&services,
 			&sender_user,
 			&sender_device,
 			&room_id,
@@ -175,14 +170,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	}

 	let mut left_rooms = BTreeMap::new();
-	let all_left_rooms: Vec<_> = services
+	let all_left_rooms: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_left(&sender_user)
 		.collect();
 	for result in all_left_rooms {
 		handle_left_room(
-			&services,
 			since,
 			&result?.0,
 			&sender_user,
@@ -196,7 +190,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	}

 	let mut invited_rooms = BTreeMap::new();
-	let all_invited_rooms: Vec<_> = services
+	let all_invited_rooms: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_invited(&sender_user)
@@ -205,10 +199,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 		let (room_id, invite_state_events) = result?;

 		// Get and drop the lock to wait for remaining operations to finish
-		let insert_lock = services.rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(&room_id).await;
+		let insert_lock = services().rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(&room_id).await;
 		drop(insert_lock);

-		let invite_count = services
+		let invite_count = services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.get_invite_count(&room_id, &sender_user)?;
@@ -229,14 +223,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	}

 	for user_id in left_encrypted_users {
-		let dont_share_encrypted_room = services
+		let dont_share_encrypted_room = services()
 			.rooms
 			.user
 			.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.clone(), user_id.clone()])?
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
 			.filter_map(|other_room_id| {
 				Some(
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.room_state_get(&other_room_id, &StateEventType::RoomEncryption, "")
@@ -253,7 +247,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	}

 	// Remove all to-device events the device received *last time*
-	services
+	services()
 		.users
 		.remove_to_device_events(&sender_user, &sender_device, since)?;

@@ -272,7 +266,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 				.collect(),
 		},
 		account_data: GlobalAccountData {
-			events: services
+			events: services()
 				.account_data
 				.changes_since(None, &sender_user, since)?
 				.into_iter()
@@ -287,11 +281,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 			changed: device_list_updates.into_iter().collect(),
 			left: device_list_left.into_iter().collect(),
 		},
-		device_one_time_keys_count: services
+		device_one_time_keys_count: services()
 			.users
 			.count_one_time_keys(&sender_user, &sender_device)?,
 		to_device: ToDevice {
-			events: services
+			events: services()
 				.users
 				.get_to_device_events(&sender_user, &sender_device)?,
 		},
@@ -317,18 +311,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_route(
 	Ok(response)
 }

-#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(user_id = %sender_user, room_id = %room_id), name = "left_room")]
 async fn handle_left_room(
-	services: &Services, since: u64, room_id: &RoomId, sender_user: &UserId,
-	left_rooms: &mut BTreeMap<ruma::OwnedRoomId, LeftRoom>, next_batch_string: &str, full_state: bool,
-	lazy_load_enabled: bool,
+	since: u64, room_id: &RoomId, sender_user: &UserId, left_rooms: &mut BTreeMap<ruma::OwnedRoomId, LeftRoom>,
+	next_batch_string: &str, full_state: bool, lazy_load_enabled: bool,
 ) -> Result<()> {
 	// Get and drop the lock to wait for remaining operations to finish
-	let insert_lock = services.rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(room_id).await;
+	let insert_lock = services().rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(room_id).await;
 	drop(insert_lock);

-	let left_count = services
+	let left_count = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.get_left_count(room_id, sender_user)?;
@@ -338,11 +330,11 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 		return Ok(());
 	}

-	if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(room_id)? {
+	if !services().rooms.metadata.exists(room_id)? {
 		// This is just a rejected invite, not a room we know
 		// Insert a leave event anyways
 		let event = PduEvent {
-			event_id: EventId::new(services.globals.server_name()).into(),
+			event_id: EventId::new(services().globals.server_name()).into(),
 			sender: sender_user.to_owned(),
 			origin: None,
 			origin_server_ts: utils::millis_since_unix_epoch()
@@ -375,7 +367,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 					prev_batch: Some(next_batch_string.to_owned()),
 					events: Vec::new(),
 				},
-				state: RoomState {
+				state: State {
 					events: vec![event.to_sync_state_event()],
 				},
 			},
@@ -385,27 +377,27 @@ async fn handle_left_room(

 	let mut left_state_events = Vec::new();

-	let since_shortstatehash = services
+	let since_shortstatehash = services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.get_token_shortstatehash(room_id, since)?;

 	let since_state_ids = match since_shortstatehash {
-		Some(s) => services.rooms.state_accessor.state_full_ids(s).await?,
+		Some(s) => services().rooms.state_accessor.state_full_ids(s).await?,
 		None => HashMap::new(),
 	};

-	let Some(left_event_id) =
-		services
-			.rooms
-			.state_accessor
-			.room_state_get_id(room_id, &StateEventType::RoomMember, sender_user.as_str())?
+	let Some(left_event_id) = services().rooms.state_accessor.room_state_get_id(
+		room_id,
+		&StateEventType::RoomMember,
+		sender_user.as_str(),
+	)?
 	else {
 		error!("Left room but no left state event");
 		return Ok(());
 	};

-	let Some(left_shortstatehash) = services
+	let Some(left_shortstatehash) = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.pdu_shortstatehash(&left_event_id)?
@@ -414,13 +406,13 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 		return Ok(());
 	};

-	let mut left_state_ids = services
+	let mut left_state_ids = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.state_full_ids(left_shortstatehash)
 		.await?;

-	let leave_shortstatekey = services
+	let leave_shortstatekey = services()
 		.rooms
 		.short
 		.get_or_create_shortstatekey(&StateEventType::RoomMember, sender_user.as_str())?;
@@ -430,7 +422,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 	let mut i: u8 = 0;
 	for (key, id) in left_state_ids {
 		if full_state || since_state_ids.get(&key) != Some(&id) {
-			let (event_type, state_key) = services.rooms.short.get_statekey_from_short(key)?;
+			let (event_type, state_key) = services().rooms.short.get_statekey_from_short(key)?;

 			if !lazy_load_enabled
                    || event_type != StateEventType::RoomMember
@@ -438,7 +430,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
                    // TODO: Delete the following line when this is resolved: https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/22565
                    || (cfg!(feature = "element_hacks") && *sender_user == state_key)
 			{
-				let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+				let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 					error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 					continue;
 				};
@@ -464,7 +456,7 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 				prev_batch: Some(next_batch_string.to_owned()),
 				events: Vec::new(),
 			},
-			state: RoomState {
+			state: State {
 				events: left_state_events,
 			},
 		},
@@ -473,11 +465,13 @@ async fn handle_left_room(
 }

 async fn process_presence_updates(
-	services: &Services, presence_updates: &mut HashMap<OwnedUserId, PresenceEvent>, since: u64, syncing_user: &UserId,
+	presence_updates: &mut HashMap<OwnedUserId, PresenceEvent>, since: u64, syncing_user: &UserId,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+	use crate::service::presence::Presence;
+
 	// Take presence updates
-	for (user_id, _, presence_bytes) in services.presence.presence_since(since) {
-		if !services
+	for (user_id, _, presence_bytes) in services().presence.presence_since(since) {
+		if !services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.user_sees_user(syncing_user, &user_id)?
@@ -485,9 +479,7 @@ async fn process_presence_updates(
 			continue;
 		}

-		let presence_event = services
-			.presence
-			.from_json_bytes_to_event(&presence_bytes, &user_id)?;
+		let presence_event = Presence::from_json_bytes_to_event(&presence_bytes, &user_id)?;
 		match presence_updates.entry(user_id) {
 			Entry::Vacant(slot) => {
 				slot.insert(presence_event);
@@ -521,20 +513,19 @@ async fn process_presence_updates(

 #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 async fn load_joined_room(
-	services: &Services, sender_user: &UserId, sender_device: &DeviceId, room_id: &RoomId, since: u64,
-	sincecount: PduCount, next_batch: u64, next_batchcount: PduCount, lazy_load_enabled: bool,
-	lazy_load_send_redundant: bool, full_state: bool, device_list_updates: &mut HashSet<OwnedUserId>,
-	left_encrypted_users: &mut HashSet<OwnedUserId>,
+	sender_user: &UserId, sender_device: &DeviceId, room_id: &RoomId, since: u64, sincecount: PduCount,
+	next_batch: u64, next_batchcount: PduCount, lazy_load_enabled: bool, lazy_load_send_redundant: bool,
+	full_state: bool, device_list_updates: &mut HashSet<OwnedUserId>, left_encrypted_users: &mut HashSet<OwnedUserId>,
 ) -> Result<JoinedRoom> {
 	// Get and drop the lock to wait for remaining operations to finish
 	// This will make sure the we have all events until next_batch
-	let insert_lock = services.rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(room_id).await;
+	let insert_lock = services().rooms.timeline.mutex_insert.lock(room_id).await;
 	drop(insert_lock);

-	let (timeline_pdus, limited) = load_timeline(services, sender_user, room_id, sincecount, 10)?;
+	let (timeline_pdus, limited) = load_timeline(sender_user, room_id, sincecount, 10)?;

 	let send_notification_counts = !timeline_pdus.is_empty()
-		|| services
+		|| services()
 			.rooms
 			.user
 			.last_notification_read(sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -545,7 +536,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 		timeline_users.insert(event.sender.as_str().to_owned());
 	}

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.lazy_loading
 		.lazy_load_confirm_delivery(sender_user, sender_device, room_id, sincecount)
@@ -553,11 +544,11 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 	// Database queries:

-	let Some(current_shortstatehash) = services.rooms.state.get_room_shortstatehash(room_id)? else {
+	let Some(current_shortstatehash) = services().rooms.state.get_room_shortstatehash(room_id)? else {
 		return Err!(Database(error!("Room {room_id} has no state")));
 	};

-	let since_shortstatehash = services
+	let since_shortstatehash = services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.get_token_shortstatehash(room_id, since)?;
@@ -569,12 +560,12 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 		} else {
 			// Calculates joined_member_count, invited_member_count and heroes
 			let calculate_counts = || {
-				let joined_member_count = services
+				let joined_member_count = services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_cache
 					.room_joined_count(room_id)?
 					.unwrap_or(0);
-				let invited_member_count = services
+				let invited_member_count = services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_cache
 					.room_invited_count(room_id)?
@@ -587,7 +578,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 					// Go through all PDUs and for each member event, check if the user is still
 					// joined or invited until we have 5 or we reach the end

-					for hero in services
+					for hero in services()
 					.rooms
 					.timeline
 					.all_pdus(sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -603,8 +594,8 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 							// The membership was and still is invite or join
 							if matches!(content.membership, MembershipState::Join | MembershipState::Invite)
-								&& (services.rooms.state_cache.is_joined(&user_id, room_id)?
-									|| services.rooms.state_cache.is_invited(&user_id, room_id)?)
+								&& (services().rooms.state_cache.is_joined(&user_id, room_id)?
+									|| services().rooms.state_cache.is_invited(&user_id, room_id)?)
 							{
 								Ok::<_, Error>(Some(user_id))
 							} else {
@@ -631,7 +622,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 			let since_sender_member: Option<RoomMemberEventContent> = since_shortstatehash
 				.and_then(|shortstatehash| {
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_get(shortstatehash, &StateEventType::RoomMember, sender_user.as_str())
@@ -652,7 +643,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 				let (joined_member_count, invited_member_count, heroes) = calculate_counts()?;

-				let current_state_ids = services
+				let current_state_ids = services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.state_full_ids(current_shortstatehash)
@@ -663,13 +654,13 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 				let mut i: u8 = 0;
 				for (shortstatekey, id) in current_state_ids {
-					let (event_type, state_key) = services
+					let (event_type, state_key) = services()
 						.rooms
 						.short
 						.get_statekey_from_short(shortstatekey)?;

 					if event_type != StateEventType::RoomMember {
-						let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+						let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 							error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 							continue;
 						};
@@ -685,7 +676,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
                // TODO: Delete the following line when this is resolved: https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/issues/22565
                || (cfg!(feature = "element_hacks") && *sender_user == state_key)
 					{
-						let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+						let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 							error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 							continue;
 						};
@@ -704,14 +695,14 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 				}

 				// Reset lazy loading because this is an initial sync
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.lazy_loading
 					.lazy_load_reset(sender_user, sender_device, room_id)?;

 				// The state_events above should contain all timeline_users, let's mark them as
 				// lazy loaded.
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.lazy_loading
 					.lazy_load_mark_sent(sender_user, sender_device, room_id, lazy_loaded, next_batchcount)
@@ -725,12 +716,12 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 				let mut delta_state_events = Vec::new();

 				if since_shortstatehash != current_shortstatehash {
-					let current_state_ids = services
+					let current_state_ids = services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_full_ids(current_shortstatehash)
 						.await?;
-					let since_state_ids = services
+					let since_state_ids = services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_full_ids(since_shortstatehash)
@@ -738,7 +729,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 					for (key, id) in current_state_ids {
 						if full_state || since_state_ids.get(&key) != Some(&id) {
-							let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+							let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 								error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 								continue;
 							};
@@ -749,13 +740,13 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 					}
 				}

-				let encrypted_room = services
+				let encrypted_room = services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.state_get(current_shortstatehash, &StateEventType::RoomEncryption, "")?
 					.is_some();

-				let since_encryption = services.rooms.state_accessor.state_get(
+				let since_encryption = services().rooms.state_accessor.state_get(
 					since_shortstatehash,
 					&StateEventType::RoomEncryption,
 					"",
@@ -790,7 +781,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 							match new_membership {
 								MembershipState::Join => {
 									// A new user joined an encrypted room
-									if !share_encrypted_room(services, sender_user, &user_id, room_id)? {
+									if !share_encrypted_room(sender_user, &user_id, room_id)? {
 										device_list_updates.insert(user_id);
 									}
 								},
@@ -807,7 +798,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 				if joined_since_last_sync && encrypted_room || new_encrypted_room {
 					// If the user is in a new encrypted room, give them all joined users
 					device_list_updates.extend(
-						services
+						services()
 							.rooms
 							.state_cache
 							.room_members(room_id)
@@ -819,7 +810,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 							.filter(|user_id| {
 								// Only send keys if the sender doesn't share an encrypted room with the target
 								// already
-								!share_encrypted_room(services, sender_user, user_id, room_id).unwrap_or(false)
+								!share_encrypted_room(sender_user, user_id, room_id).unwrap_or(false)
 							}),
 					);
 				}
@@ -857,14 +848,14 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 						continue;
 					}

-					if !services.rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
+					if !services().rooms.lazy_loading.lazy_load_was_sent_before(
 						sender_user,
 						sender_device,
 						room_id,
 						&event.sender,
 					)? || lazy_load_send_redundant
 					{
-						if let Some(member_event) = services.rooms.state_accessor.room_state_get(
+						if let Some(member_event) = services().rooms.state_accessor.room_state_get(
 							room_id,
 							&StateEventType::RoomMember,
 							event.sender.as_str(),
@@ -875,7 +866,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 					}
 				}

-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.lazy_loading
 					.lazy_load_mark_sent(sender_user, sender_device, room_id, lazy_loaded, next_batchcount)
@@ -893,7 +884,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 	// Look for device list updates in this room
 	device_list_updates.extend(
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.keys_changed(room_id.as_ref(), since, None)
 			.filter_map(Result::ok),
@@ -901,7 +892,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 	let notification_count = if send_notification_counts {
 		Some(
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.user
 				.notification_count(sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -914,7 +905,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 	let highlight_count = if send_notification_counts {
 		Some(
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.user
 				.highlight_count(sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -942,7 +933,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 		.map(|(_, pdu)| pdu.to_sync_room_event())
 		.collect();

-	let mut edus: Vec<_> = services
+	let mut edus: Vec<_> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.read_receipt
 		.readreceipts_since(room_id, since)
@@ -950,10 +941,10 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 		.map(|(_, _, v)| v)
 		.collect();

-	if services.rooms.typing.last_typing_update(room_id).await? > since {
+	if services().rooms.typing.last_typing_update(room_id).await? > since {
 		edus.push(
 			serde_json::from_str(
-				&serde_json::to_string(&services.rooms.typing.typings_all(room_id).await?)
+				&serde_json::to_string(&services().rooms.typing.typings_all(room_id).await?)
 					.expect("event is valid, we just created it"),
 			)
 			.expect("event is valid, we just created it"),
@@ -962,14 +953,14 @@ async fn load_joined_room(

 	// Save the state after this sync so we can send the correct state diff next
 	// sync
-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.associate_token_shortstatehash(room_id, next_batch, current_shortstatehash)?;

 	Ok(JoinedRoom {
 		account_data: RoomAccountData {
-			events: services
+			events: services()
 				.account_data
 				.changes_since(Some(room_id), sender_user, since)?
 				.into_iter()
@@ -994,7 +985,7 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 			prev_batch,
 			events: room_events,
 		},
-		state: RoomState {
+		state: State {
 			events: state_events
 				.iter()
 				.map(|pdu| pdu.to_sync_state_event())
@@ -1008,16 +999,16 @@ async fn load_joined_room(
 }

 fn load_timeline(
-	services: &Services, sender_user: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId, roomsincecount: PduCount, limit: u64,
+	sender_user: &UserId, room_id: &RoomId, roomsincecount: PduCount, limit: u64,
 ) -> Result<(Vec<(PduCount, PduEvent)>, bool), Error> {
 	let timeline_pdus;
-	let limited = if services
+	let limited = if services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.last_timeline_count(sender_user, room_id)?
 		> roomsincecount
 	{
-		let mut non_timeline_pdus = services
+		let mut non_timeline_pdus = services()
 			.rooms
 			.timeline
 			.pdus_until(sender_user, room_id, PduCount::max())?
@@ -1049,10 +1040,8 @@ fn load_timeline(
 	Ok((timeline_pdus, limited))
 }

-fn share_encrypted_room(
-	services: &Services, sender_user: &UserId, user_id: &UserId, ignore_room: &RoomId,
-) -> Result<bool> {
-	Ok(services
+fn share_encrypted_room(sender_user: &UserId, user_id: &UserId, ignore_room: &RoomId) -> Result<bool> {
+	Ok(services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.to_owned(), user_id.to_owned()])?
@@ -1060,7 +1049,7 @@ fn share_encrypted_room(
 		.filter(|room_id| room_id != ignore_room)
 		.filter_map(|other_room_id| {
 			Some(
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(&other_room_id, &StateEventType::RoomEncryption, "")
@@ -1075,15 +1064,15 @@ fn share_encrypted_room(
 ///
 /// Sliding Sync endpoint (future endpoint: `/_matrix/client/v4/sync`)
 pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<sync_events::v4::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<sync_events::v4::Request>,
 ) -> Result<sync_events::v4::Response, RumaResponse<UiaaResponse>> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.expect("user is authenticated");
 	let mut body = body.body;
 	// Setup watchers, so if there's no response, we can wait for them
-	let watcher = services.globals.watch(&sender_user, &sender_device);
+	let watcher = services().globals.watch(&sender_user, &sender_device);

-	let next_batch = services.globals.next_count()?;
+	let next_batch = services().globals.next_count()?;

 	let globalsince = body
 		.pos
@@ -1093,19 +1082,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(

 	if globalsince == 0 {
 		if let Some(conn_id) = &body.conn_id {
-			services
-				.users
-				.forget_sync_request_connection(sender_user.clone(), sender_device.clone(), conn_id.clone());
+			services().users.forget_sync_request_connection(
+				sender_user.clone(),
+				sender_device.clone(),
+				conn_id.clone(),
+			);
 		}
 	}

 	// Get sticky parameters from cache
 	let known_rooms =
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.update_sync_request_with_cache(sender_user.clone(), sender_device.clone(), &mut body);

-	let all_joined_rooms = services
+	let all_joined_rooms = services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.rooms_joined(&sender_user)
@@ -1113,7 +1104,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 		.collect::<Vec<_>>();

 	if body.extensions.to_device.enabled.unwrap_or(false) {
-		services
+		services()
 			.users
 			.remove_to_device_events(&sender_user, &sender_device, globalsince)?;
 	}
@@ -1125,26 +1116,26 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 	if body.extensions.e2ee.enabled.unwrap_or(false) {
 		// Look for device list updates of this account
 		device_list_changes.extend(
-			services
+			services()
 				.users
 				.keys_changed(sender_user.as_ref(), globalsince, None)
 				.filter_map(Result::ok),
 		);

 		for room_id in &all_joined_rooms {
-			let Some(current_shortstatehash) = services.rooms.state.get_room_shortstatehash(room_id)? else {
+			let Some(current_shortstatehash) = services().rooms.state.get_room_shortstatehash(room_id)? else {
 				error!("Room {} has no state", room_id);
 				continue;
 			};

-			let since_shortstatehash = services
+			let since_shortstatehash = services()
 				.rooms
 				.user
 				.get_token_shortstatehash(room_id, globalsince)?;

 			let since_sender_member: Option<RoomMemberEventContent> = since_shortstatehash
 				.and_then(|shortstatehash| {
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_get(shortstatehash, &StateEventType::RoomMember, sender_user.as_str())
@@ -1157,7 +1148,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 						.ok()
 				});

-			let encrypted_room = services
+			let encrypted_room = services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.state_get(current_shortstatehash, &StateEventType::RoomEncryption, "")?
@@ -1169,7 +1160,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 					continue;
 				}

-				let since_encryption = services.rooms.state_accessor.state_get(
+				let since_encryption = services().rooms.state_accessor.state_get(
 					since_shortstatehash,
 					&StateEventType::RoomEncryption,
 					"",
@@ -1180,12 +1171,12 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(

 				let new_encrypted_room = encrypted_room && since_encryption.is_none();
 				if encrypted_room {
-					let current_state_ids = services
+					let current_state_ids = services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_full_ids(current_shortstatehash)
 						.await?;
-					let since_state_ids = services
+					let since_state_ids = services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.state_full_ids(since_shortstatehash)
@@ -1193,7 +1184,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(

 					for (key, id) in current_state_ids {
 						if since_state_ids.get(&key) != Some(&id) {
-							let Some(pdu) = services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
+							let Some(pdu) = services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu(&id)? else {
 								error!("Pdu in state not found: {}", id);
 								continue;
 							};
@@ -1214,7 +1205,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 									match new_membership {
 										MembershipState::Join => {
 											// A new user joined an encrypted room
-											if !share_encrypted_room(&services, &sender_user, &user_id, room_id)? {
+											if !share_encrypted_room(&sender_user, &user_id, room_id)? {
 												device_list_changes.insert(user_id);
 											}
 										},
@@ -1231,7 +1222,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 					if joined_since_last_sync || new_encrypted_room {
 						// If the user is in a new encrypted room, give them all joined users
 						device_list_changes.extend(
-							services
+							services()
 								.rooms
 								.state_cache
 								.room_members(room_id)
@@ -1243,7 +1234,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 								.filter(|user_id| {
 									// Only send keys if the sender doesn't share an encrypted room with the target
 									// already
-									!share_encrypted_room(&services, &sender_user, user_id, room_id).unwrap_or(false)
+									!share_encrypted_room(&sender_user, user_id, room_id).unwrap_or(false)
 								}),
 						);
 					}
@@ -1251,21 +1242,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 			}
 			// Look for device list updates in this room
 			device_list_changes.extend(
-				services
+				services()
 					.users
 					.keys_changed(room_id.as_ref(), globalsince, None)
 					.filter_map(Result::ok),
 			);
 		}
 		for user_id in left_encrypted_users {
-			let dont_share_encrypted_room = services
+			let dont_share_encrypted_room = services()
 				.rooms
 				.user
 				.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.clone(), user_id.clone()])?
 				.filter_map(Result::ok)
 				.filter_map(|other_room_id| {
 					Some(
-						services
+						services()
 							.rooms
 							.state_accessor
 							.room_state_get(&other_room_id, &StateEventType::RoomEncryption, "")
@@ -1345,7 +1336,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 		);

 		if let Some(conn_id) = &body.conn_id {
-			services.users.update_sync_known_rooms(
+			services().users.update_sync_known_rooms(
 				sender_user.clone(),
 				sender_device.clone(),
 				conn_id.clone(),
@@ -1358,7 +1349,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(

 	let mut known_subscription_rooms = BTreeSet::new();
 	for (room_id, room) in &body.room_subscriptions {
-		if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(room_id)? {
+		if !services().rooms.metadata.exists(room_id)? {
 			continue;
 		}
 		let todo_room = todo_rooms
@@ -1384,7 +1375,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 	}

 	if let Some(conn_id) = &body.conn_id {
-		services.users.update_sync_known_rooms(
+		services().users.update_sync_known_rooms(
 			sender_user.clone(),
 			sender_device.clone(),
 			conn_id.clone(),
@@ -1395,7 +1386,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 	}

 	if let Some(conn_id) = &body.conn_id {
-		services.users.update_sync_subscriptions(
+		services().users.update_sync_subscriptions(
 			sender_user.clone(),
 			sender_device.clone(),
 			conn_id.clone(),
@@ -1407,8 +1398,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 	for (room_id, (required_state_request, timeline_limit, roomsince)) in &todo_rooms {
 		let roomsincecount = PduCount::Normal(*roomsince);

-		let (timeline_pdus, limited) =
-			load_timeline(&services, &sender_user, room_id, roomsincecount, *timeline_limit)?;
+		let (timeline_pdus, limited) = load_timeline(&sender_user, room_id, roomsincecount, *timeline_limit)?;

 		if roomsince != &0 && timeline_pdus.is_empty() {
 			continue;
@@ -1441,7 +1431,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 		let required_state = required_state_request
 			.iter()
 			.map(|state| {
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(room_id, &state.0, &state.1)
@@ -1452,7 +1442,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 			.collect();

 		// Heroes
-		let heroes = services
+		let heroes = services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.room_members(room_id)
@@ -1460,7 +1450,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 			.filter(|member| member != &sender_user)
 			.map(|member| {
 				Ok::<_, Error>(
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_accessor
 						.get_member(room_id, &member)?
@@ -1501,11 +1491,11 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 		rooms.insert(
 			room_id.clone(),
 			sync_events::v4::SlidingSyncRoom {
-				name: services.rooms.state_accessor.get_name(room_id)?.or(name),
+				name: services().rooms.state_accessor.get_name(room_id)?.or(name),
 				avatar: if let Some(heroes_avatar) = heroes_avatar {
 					ruma::JsOption::Some(heroes_avatar)
 				} else {
-					match services.rooms.state_accessor.get_avatar(room_id)? {
+					match services().rooms.state_accessor.get_avatar(room_id)? {
 						ruma::JsOption::Some(avatar) => ruma::JsOption::from_option(avatar.url),
 						ruma::JsOption::Null => ruma::JsOption::Null,
 						ruma::JsOption::Undefined => ruma::JsOption::Undefined,
@@ -1516,7 +1506,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 				invite_state: None,
 				unread_notifications: UnreadNotificationsCount {
 					highlight_count: Some(
-						services
+						services()
 							.rooms
 							.user
 							.highlight_count(&sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -1524,7 +1514,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 							.expect("notification count can't go that high"),
 					),
 					notification_count: Some(
-						services
+						services()
 							.rooms
 							.user
 							.notification_count(&sender_user, room_id)?
@@ -1537,7 +1527,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 				prev_batch,
 				limited,
 				joined_count: Some(
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_cache
 						.room_joined_count(room_id)?
@@ -1546,7 +1536,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 						.unwrap_or_else(|_| uint!(0)),
 				),
 				invited_count: Some(
-					services
+					services()
 						.rooms
 						.state_cache
 						.room_invited_count(room_id)?
@@ -1581,7 +1571,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 		extensions: sync_events::v4::Extensions {
 			to_device: if body.extensions.to_device.enabled.unwrap_or(false) {
 				Some(sync_events::v4::ToDevice {
-					events: services
+					events: services()
 						.users
 						.get_to_device_events(&sender_user, &sender_device)?,
 					next_batch: next_batch.to_string(),
@@ -1594,7 +1584,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 					changed: device_list_changes.into_iter().collect(),
 					left: device_list_left.into_iter().collect(),
 				},
-				device_one_time_keys_count: services
+				device_one_time_keys_count: services()
 					.users
 					.count_one_time_keys(&sender_user, &sender_device)?,
 				// Fallback keys are not yet supported
@@ -1602,7 +1592,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn sync_events_v4_route(
 			},
 			account_data: sync_events::v4::AccountData {
 				global: if body.extensions.account_data.enabled.unwrap_or(false) {
-					services
+					services()
 						.account_data
 						.changes_since(None, &sender_user, globalsince)?
 						.into_iter()
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::tag::{create_tag, delete_tag, get_tags},
 	events::{
@@ -9,19 +8,17 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/user/{userId}/rooms/{roomId}/tags/{tag}`
 ///
 /// Adds a tag to the room.
 ///
 /// - Inserts the tag into the tag event of the room account data.
-pub(crate) async fn update_tag_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_tag::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<create_tag::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn update_tag_route(body: Ruma<create_tag::v3::Request>) -> Result<create_tag::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&body.room_id), sender_user, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -41,7 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_tag_route(
 		.tags
 		.insert(body.tag.clone().into(), body.tag_info.clone());

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		Some(&body.room_id),
 		sender_user,
 		RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag,
@@ -56,12 +53,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn update_tag_route(
 /// Deletes a tag from the room.
 ///
 /// - Removes the tag from the tag event of the room account data.
-pub(crate) async fn delete_tag_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<delete_tag::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<delete_tag::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn delete_tag_route(body: Ruma<delete_tag::v3::Request>) -> Result<delete_tag::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&body.room_id), sender_user, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -78,7 +73,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_tag_route(

 	tags_event.content.tags.remove(&body.tag.clone().into());

-	services.account_data.update(
+	services().account_data.update(
 		Some(&body.room_id),
 		sender_user,
 		RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag,
@@ -93,12 +88,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn delete_tag_route(
 /// Returns tags on the room.
 ///
 /// - Gets the tag event of the room account data.
-pub(crate) async fn get_tags_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_tags::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_tags::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_tags_route(body: Ruma<get_tags::v3::Request>) -> Result<get_tags::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.account_data
 		.get(Some(&body.room_id), sender_user, RoomAccountDataEventType::Tag)?;

@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::{error::ErrorKind, threads::get_threads},
 	uint,
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/threads`
-pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_threads::v1::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_threads::v1::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(body: Ruma<get_threads::v1::Request>) -> Result<get_threads::v1::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

 	// Use limit or else 10, with maximum 100
@@ -27,14 +24,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_threads_route(
 		u64::MAX
 	};

-	let threads = services
+	let threads = services()
 		.rooms
 		.threads
 		.threads_until(sender_user, &body.room_id, from, &body.include)?
 		.take(limit)
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.filter(|(_, pdu)| {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.user_can_see_event(sender_user, &body.room_id, &pdu.event_id)
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::extract::State;
-use conduit::{Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{
 		client::{error::ErrorKind, to_device::send_event_to_device},
@@ -10,19 +8,19 @@ use ruma::{
 	to_device::DeviceIdOrAllDevices,
 };

-use crate::Ruma;
+use crate::{services, user_is_local, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/sendToDevice/{eventType}/{txnId}`
 ///
 /// Send a to-device event to a set of client devices.
 pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<send_event_to_device::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<send_event_to_device::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<send_event_to_device::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let sender_device = body.sender_device.as_deref();

 	// Check if this is a new transaction id
-	if services
+	if services()
 		.transaction_ids
 		.existing_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id)?
 		.is_some()
@@ -32,14 +30,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(

 	for (target_user_id, map) in &body.messages {
 		for (target_device_id_maybe, event) in map {
-			if !services.globals.user_is_local(target_user_id) {
+			if !user_is_local(target_user_id) {
 				let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
 				map.insert(target_device_id_maybe.clone(), event.clone());
 				let mut messages = BTreeMap::new();
 				messages.insert(target_user_id.clone(), map);
-				let count = services.globals.next_count()?;
+				let count = services().globals.next_count()?;

-				services.sending.send_edu_server(
+				services().sending.send_edu_server(
 					target_user_id.server_name(),
 					serde_json::to_vec(&federation::transactions::edu::Edu::DirectToDevice(DirectDeviceContent {
 						sender: sender_user.clone(),
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(

 			match target_device_id_maybe {
 				DeviceIdOrAllDevices::DeviceId(target_device_id) => {
-					services.users.add_to_device_event(
+					services().users.add_to_device_event(
 						sender_user,
 						target_user_id,
 						target_device_id,
@@ -67,8 +65,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(
 				},

 				DeviceIdOrAllDevices::AllDevices => {
-					for target_device_id in services.users.all_device_ids(target_user_id) {
-						services.users.add_to_device_event(
+					for target_device_id in services().users.all_device_ids(target_user_id) {
+						services().users.add_to_device_event(
 							sender_user,
 							target_user_id,
 							&target_device_id?,
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn send_event_to_device_route(
 	}

 	// Save transaction id with empty data
-	services
+	services()
 		.transaction_ids
 		.add_txnid(sender_user, sender_device, &body.txn_id, &[])?;

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::api::client::{error::ErrorKind, typing::create_typing_event};

-use crate::{utils, Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, utils, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `PUT /_matrix/client/r0/rooms/{roomId}/typing/{userId}`
 ///
 /// Sets the typing state of the sender user.
 pub(crate) async fn create_typing_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<create_typing_event::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<create_typing_event::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<create_typing_event::v3::Response> {
 	use create_typing_event::v3::Typing;

 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_cache
 		.is_joined(sender_user, &body.room_id)?
@@ -24,20 +23,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_typing_event_route(
 	if let Typing::Yes(duration) = body.state {
 		let duration = utils::clamp(
 			duration.as_millis().try_into().unwrap_or(u64::MAX),
-			services
+			services()
 				.globals
 				.config
 				.typing_client_timeout_min_s
 				.checked_mul(1000)
 				.unwrap(),
-			services
+			services()
 				.globals
 				.config
 				.typing_client_timeout_max_s
 				.checked_mul(1000)
 				.unwrap(),
 		);
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.typing
 			.typing_add(
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn create_typing_event_route(
 			)
 			.await?;
 	} else {
-		services
+		services()
 			.rooms
 			.typing
 			.typing_remove(sender_user, &body.room_id)
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use axum_client_ip::InsecureClientIp;
 use conduit::warn;
 use ruma::{
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ use ruma::{
 	OwnedRoomId,
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/unstable/uk.half-shot.msc2666/user/mutual_rooms`
 ///
@@ -18,8 +17,7 @@ use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma, RumaResponse};
 /// An implementation of [MSC2666](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/2666)
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "mutual_rooms")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_mutual_rooms_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<mutual_rooms::unstable::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<mutual_rooms::unstable::Request>,
 ) -> Result<mutual_rooms::unstable::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");

@@ -30,14 +28,14 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_mutual_rooms_route(
 		));
 	}

-	if !services.users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&body.user_id)? {
 		return Ok(mutual_rooms::unstable::Response {
 			joined: vec![],
 			next_batch_token: None,
 		});
 	}

-	let mutual_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services
+	let mutual_rooms: Vec<OwnedRoomId> = services()
 		.rooms
 		.user
 		.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.clone(), body.user_id.clone()])?
@@ -60,10 +58,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_mutual_rooms_route(
 ///
 /// An implementation of [MSC3266](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3266)
 pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary_legacy(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_summary::msc3266::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_summary::msc3266::Request>,
 ) -> Result<RumaResponse<get_summary::msc3266::Response>> {
-	get_room_summary(State(services), InsecureClientIp(client), body)
+	get_room_summary(InsecureClientIp(client), body)
 		.await
 		.map(RumaResponse)
 }
@@ -77,19 +74,22 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary_legacy(
 /// An implementation of [MSC3266](https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-spec-proposals/pull/3266)
 #[tracing::instrument(skip_all, fields(%client), name = "room_summary")]
 pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp,
-	body: Ruma<get_summary::msc3266::Request>,
+	InsecureClientIp(client): InsecureClientIp, body: Ruma<get_summary::msc3266::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_summary::msc3266::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref();

-	let room_id = services.rooms.alias.resolve(&body.room_id_or_alias).await?;
+	let room_id = services()
+		.rooms
+		.alias
+		.resolve(&body.room_id_or_alias)
+		.await?;

-	if !services.rooms.metadata.exists(&room_id)? {
+	if !services().rooms.metadata.exists(&room_id)? {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Room is unknown to this server"));
 	}

 	if sender_user.is_none()
-		&& !services
+		&& !services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.is_world_readable(&room_id)
@@ -103,25 +103,25 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary(

 	Ok(get_summary::msc3266::Response {
 		room_id: room_id.clone(),
-		canonical_alias: services
+		canonical_alias: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_canonical_alias(&room_id)
 			.unwrap_or(None),
-		avatar_url: services
+		avatar_url: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_avatar(&room_id)?
 			.into_option()
 			.unwrap_or_default()
 			.url,
-		guest_can_join: services.rooms.state_accessor.guest_can_join(&room_id)?,
-		name: services
+		guest_can_join: services().rooms.state_accessor.guest_can_join(&room_id)?,
+		name: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_name(&room_id)
 			.unwrap_or(None),
-		num_joined_members: services
+		num_joined_members: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.room_joined_count(&room_id)
@@ -132,21 +132,21 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary(
 			})
 			.try_into()
 			.expect("user count should not be that big"),
-		topic: services
+		topic: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_room_topic(&room_id)
 			.unwrap_or(None),
-		world_readable: services
+		world_readable: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.is_world_readable(&room_id)
 			.unwrap_or(false),
-		join_rule: services.rooms.state_accessor.get_join_rule(&room_id)?.0,
-		room_type: services.rooms.state_accessor.get_room_type(&room_id)?,
-		room_version: Some(services.rooms.state.get_room_version(&room_id)?),
+		join_rule: services().rooms.state_accessor.get_join_rule(&room_id)?.0,
+		room_type: services().rooms.state_accessor.get_room_type(&room_id)?,
+		room_version: Some(services().rooms.state.get_room_version(&room_id)?),
 		membership: if let Some(sender_user) = sender_user {
-			services
+			services()
 				.rooms
 				.state_accessor
 				.get_member(&room_id, sender_user)?
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_room_summary(
 		} else {
 			None
 		},
-		encryption: services
+		encryption: services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_accessor
 			.get_room_encryption(&room_id)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;

-use axum::{extract::State, response::IntoResponse, Json};
+use axum::{response::IntoResponse, Json};
 use ruma::api::client::{
 	discovery::{
 		discover_homeserver::{self, HomeserverInfo, SlidingSyncProxyInfo},
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use ruma::api::client::{
 	error::ErrorKind,
 };

-use crate::{Error, Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Error, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `GET /_matrix/client/versions`
 ///
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_supported_versions_route(
 ///
 /// Returns the .well-known URL if it is configured, otherwise returns 404.
 pub(crate) async fn well_known_client(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, _body: Ruma<discover_homeserver::Request>,
+	_body: Ruma<discover_homeserver::Request>,
 ) -> Result<discover_homeserver::Response> {
-	let client_url = match services.globals.well_known_client() {
+	let client_url = match services().globals.well_known_client() {
 		Some(url) => url.to_string(),
 		None => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
 	};
@@ -84,24 +84,22 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_client(
 /// # `GET /.well-known/matrix/support`
 ///
 /// Server support contact and support page of a homeserver's domain.
-pub(crate) async fn well_known_support(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, _body: Ruma<discover_support::Request>,
-) -> Result<discover_support::Response> {
-	let support_page = services
+pub(crate) async fn well_known_support(_body: Ruma<discover_support::Request>) -> Result<discover_support::Response> {
+	let support_page = services()
 		.globals
 		.well_known_support_page()
 		.as_ref()
 		.map(ToString::to_string);

-	let role = services.globals.well_known_support_role().clone();
+	let role = services().globals.well_known_support_role().clone();

 	// support page or role must be either defined for this to be valid
 	if support_page.is_none() && role.is_none() {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found."));
 	}

-	let email_address = services.globals.well_known_support_email().clone();
-	let matrix_id = services.globals.well_known_support_mxid().clone();
+	let email_address = services().globals.well_known_support_email().clone();
+	let matrix_id = services().globals.well_known_support_mxid().clone();

 	// if a role is specified, an email address or matrix id is required
 	if role.is_some() && (email_address.is_none() && matrix_id.is_none()) {
@@ -136,10 +134,10 @@ pub(crate) async fn well_known_support(
 ///
 /// Endpoint provided by sliding sync proxy used by some clients such as Element
 /// Web as a non-standard health check.
-pub(crate) async fn syncv3_client_server_json(State(services): State<crate::State>) -> Result<impl IntoResponse> {
-	let server_url = match services.globals.well_known_client() {
+pub(crate) async fn syncv3_client_server_json() -> Result<impl IntoResponse> {
+	let server_url = match services().globals.well_known_client() {
 		Some(url) => url.to_string(),
-		None => match services.globals.well_known_server() {
+		None => match services().globals.well_known_server() {
 			Some(url) => url.to_string(),
 			None => return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::NotFound, "Not found.")),
 		},
@@ -167,8 +165,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn conduwuit_server_version() -> Result<impl IntoResponse> {
 /// conduwuit-specific API to return the amount of users registered on this
 /// homeserver. Endpoint is disabled if federation is disabled for privacy. This
 /// only includes active users (not deactivated, no guests, etc)
-pub(crate) async fn conduwuit_local_user_count(State(services): State<crate::State>) -> Result<impl IntoResponse> {
-	let user_count = services.users.list_local_users()?.len();
+pub(crate) async fn conduwuit_local_user_count() -> Result<impl IntoResponse> {
+	let user_count = services().users.list_local_users()?.len();

 	Ok(Json(serde_json::json!({
 		"count": user_count
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use ruma::{
 	api::client::user_directory::search_users,
 	events::{
@@ -7,7 +6,7 @@ use ruma::{
 	},
 };

-use crate::{Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Result, Ruma};

 /// # `POST /_matrix/client/r0/user_directory/search`
 ///
@@ -15,20 +14,18 @@ use crate::{Result, Ruma};
 ///
 /// - Hides any local users that aren't in any public rooms (i.e. those that
 ///   have the join rule set to public) and don't share a room with the sender
-pub(crate) async fn search_users_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<search_users::v3::Request>,
-) -> Result<search_users::v3::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn search_users_route(body: Ruma<search_users::v3::Request>) -> Result<search_users::v3::Response> {
 	let sender_user = body.sender_user.as_ref().expect("user is authenticated");
 	let limit = usize::try_from(body.limit).unwrap_or(10); // default limit is 10

-	let mut users = services.users.iter().filter_map(|user_id| {
+	let mut users = services().users.iter().filter_map(|user_id| {
 		// Filter out buggy users (they should not exist, but you never know...)
 		let user_id = user_id.ok()?;

 		let user = search_users::v3::User {
 			user_id: user_id.clone(),
-			display_name: services.users.displayname(&user_id).ok()?,
-			avatar_url: services.users.avatar_url(&user_id).ok()?,
+			display_name: services().users.displayname(&user_id).ok()?,
+			avatar_url: services().users.avatar_url(&user_id).ok()?,
 		};

 		let user_id_matches = user
@@ -53,13 +50,13 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_users_route(
 		// It's a matching user, but is the sender allowed to see them?
 		let mut user_visible = false;

-		let user_is_in_public_rooms = services
+		let user_is_in_public_rooms = services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.rooms_joined(&user_id)
 			.filter_map(Result::ok)
 			.any(|room| {
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.room_state_get(&room, &StateEventType::RoomJoinRules, "")
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn search_users_route(
 		if user_is_in_public_rooms {
 			user_visible = true;
 		} else {
-			let user_is_in_shared_rooms = services
+			let user_is_in_shared_rooms = services()
 				.rooms
 				.user
 				.get_shared_rooms(vec![sender_user.clone(), user_id])
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};

-use axum::extract::State;
 use base64::{engine::general_purpose, Engine as _};
 use conduit::utils;
 use hmac::{Hmac, Mac};
 use ruma::{api::client::voip::get_turn_server_info, SecondsSinceUnixEpoch, UserId};
 use sha1::Sha1;

-use crate::{Result, Ruma};
+use crate::{services, Result, Ruma};

 const RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH: usize = 10;

@@ -17,14 +16,14 @@ type HmacSha1 = Hmac<Sha1>;
 ///
 /// TODO: Returns information about the recommended turn server.
 pub(crate) async fn turn_server_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_turn_server_info::v3::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_turn_server_info::v3::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_turn_server_info::v3::Response> {
-	let turn_secret = services.globals.turn_secret().clone();
+	let turn_secret = services().globals.turn_secret().clone();

 	let (username, password) = if !turn_secret.is_empty() {
 		let expiry = SecondsSinceUnixEpoch::from_system_time(
 			SystemTime::now()
-				.checked_add(Duration::from_secs(services.globals.turn_ttl()))
+				.checked_add(Duration::from_secs(services().globals.turn_ttl()))
 				.expect("TURN TTL should not get this high"),
 		)
 		.expect("time is valid");
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn turn_server_route(
 		let user = body.sender_user.unwrap_or_else(|| {
 			UserId::parse_with_server_name(
 				utils::random_string(RANDOM_USER_ID_LENGTH).to_lowercase(),
-				&services.globals.config.server_name,
+				&services().globals.config.server_name,
 			)
 			.unwrap()
 		});
@@ -47,15 +46,15 @@ pub(crate) async fn turn_server_route(
 		(username, password)
 	} else {
 		(
-			services.globals.turn_username().clone(),
-			services.globals.turn_password().clone(),
+			services().globals.turn_username().clone(),
+			services().globals.turn_password().clone(),
 		)
 	};

 	Ok(get_turn_server_info::v3::Response {
 		username,
 		password,
-		uris: services.globals.turn_uris().to_vec(),
-		ttl: Duration::from_secs(services.globals.turn_ttl()),
+		uris: services().globals.turn_uris().to_vec(),
+		ttl: Duration::from_secs(services().globals.turn_ttl()),
 	})
 }
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
-#![recursion_limit = "192"]
-
 pub mod client;
-pub mod router;
+mod router;
+pub mod routes;
 pub mod server;

 extern crate conduit_core as conduit;
 extern crate conduit_service as service;

-pub(crate) use conduit::{debug_info, pdu::PduEvent, utils, Error, Result};
-pub(crate) use service::services;
+pub(crate) use conduit::{debug_info, debug_warn, utils, Error, Result};
+pub(crate) use service::{pdu::PduEvent, services, user_is_local};

-pub(crate) use self::router::{Ruma, RumaResponse, State};
+pub(crate) use self::router::{Ruma, RumaResponse};

 conduit::mod_ctor! {}
 conduit::mod_dtor! {}
@@ -6,17 +6,17 @@ use axum_extra::{
 	typed_header::TypedHeaderRejectionReason,
 	TypedHeader,
 };
-use conduit::{warn, Err, Error, Result};
+use conduit::Err;
 use http::uri::PathAndQuery;
 use ruma::{
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, AuthScheme, Metadata},
 	server_util::authorization::XMatrix,
 	CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
 };
-use service::Services;
+use tracing::warn;

 use super::request::Request;
-use crate::service::appservice::RegistrationInfo;
+use crate::{service::appservice::RegistrationInfo, services, Error, Result};

 enum Token {
 	Appservice(Box<RegistrationInfo>),
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(super) struct Auth {
 }

 pub(super) async fn auth(
-	services: &Services, request: &mut Request, json_body: &Option<CanonicalJsonValue>, metadata: &Metadata,
+	request: &mut Request, json_body: &Option<CanonicalJsonValue>, metadata: &Metadata,
 ) -> Result<Auth> {
 	let bearer: Option<TypedHeader<Authorization<Bearer>>> = request.parts.extract().await?;
 	let token = match &bearer {
@@ -42,9 +42,9 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 	};

 	let token = if let Some(token) = token {
-		if let Some(reg_info) = services.appservice.find_from_token(token).await {
+		if let Some(reg_info) = services().appservice.find_from_token(token).await {
 			Token::Appservice(Box::new(reg_info))
-		} else if let Some((user_id, device_id)) = services.users.find_from_token(token)? {
+		} else if let Some((user_id, device_id)) = services().users.find_from_token(token)? {
 			Token::User((user_id, OwnedDeviceId::from(device_id)))
 		} else {
 			Token::Invalid
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 		match request.parts.uri.path() {
 			// TODO: can we check this better?
 			"/_matrix/client/v3/publicRooms" | "/_matrix/client/r0/publicRooms" => {
-				if !services
+				if !services()
 					.globals
 					.config
 					.allow_public_room_directory_without_auth
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 				))
 			}
 		},
-		(AuthScheme::AccessToken, Token::Appservice(info)) => Ok(auth_appservice(services, request, info)?),
+		(AuthScheme::AccessToken, Token::Appservice(info)) => Ok(auth_appservice(request, info)?),
 		(AuthScheme::None | AuthScheme::AccessTokenOptional | AuthScheme::AppserviceToken, Token::Appservice(info)) => {
 			Ok(Auth {
 				origin: None,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 		(AuthScheme::AccessToken, Token::None) => match request.parts.uri.path() {
 			// TODO: can we check this better?
 			"/_matrix/client/v3/voip/turnServer" | "/_matrix/client/r0/voip/turnServer" => {
-				if services.globals.config.turn_allow_guests {
+				if services().globals.config.turn_allow_guests {
 					Ok(Auth {
 						origin: None,
 						sender_user: None,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 			sender_device: Some(device_id),
 			appservice_info: None,
 		}),
-		(AuthScheme::ServerSignatures, Token::None) => Ok(auth_server(services, request, json_body).await?),
+		(AuthScheme::ServerSignatures, Token::None) => Ok(auth_server(request, json_body).await?),
 		(AuthScheme::None | AuthScheme::AppserviceToken | AuthScheme::AccessTokenOptional, Token::None) => Ok(Auth {
 			sender_user: None,
 			sender_device: None,
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub(super) async fn auth(
 	}
 }

-fn auth_appservice(services: &Services, request: &Request, info: Box<RegistrationInfo>) -> Result<Auth> {
+fn auth_appservice(request: &Request, info: Box<RegistrationInfo>) -> Result<Auth> {
 	let user_id = request
 		.query
 		.user_id
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn auth_appservice(services: &Services, request: &Request, info: Box<Registratio
 			|| {
 				UserId::parse_with_server_name(
 					info.registration.sender_localpart.as_str(),
-					services.globals.server_name(),
+					services().globals.server_name(),
 				)
 			},
 			UserId::parse,
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn auth_appservice(services: &Services, request: &Request, info: Box<Registratio
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Exclusive, "User is not in namespace."));
 	}

-	if !services.users.exists(&user_id)? {
+	if !services().users.exists(&user_id)? {
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "User does not exist."));
 	}

@@ -182,10 +182,8 @@ fn auth_appservice(services: &Services, request: &Request, info: Box<Registratio
 	})
 }

-async fn auth_server(
-	services: &Services, request: &mut Request, json_body: &Option<CanonicalJsonValue>,
-) -> Result<Auth> {
-	if !services.globals.allow_federation() {
+async fn auth_server(request: &mut Request, json_body: &Option<CanonicalJsonValue>) -> Result<Auth> {
+	if !services().globals.allow_federation() {
 		return Err!(Config("allow_federation", "Federation is disabled."));
 	}

@@ -218,7 +216,7 @@ async fn auth_server(
 		),
 	)]);

-	let server_destination = services.globals.server_name().as_str().to_owned();
+	let server_destination = services().globals.server_name().as_str().to_owned();
 	if let Some(destination) = x_matrix.destination.as_ref() {
 		if destination != &server_destination {
 			return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Invalid authorization."));
@@ -249,8 +247,9 @@ async fn auth_server(
 		request_map.insert("content".to_owned(), json_body.clone());
 	};

-	let keys_result = services
-		.server_keys
+	let keys_result = services()
+		.rooms
+		.event_handler
 		.fetch_signing_keys_for_server(origin, vec![x_matrix.key.to_string()])
 		.await;

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use conduit::Result;
 use http::Method;
 use ruma::api::IncomingRequest;

-use super::{Ruma, RumaResponse, State};
+use super::{Ruma, RumaResponse};

 pub(in super::super) trait RouterExt {
 	fn ruma_route<H, T>(self, handler: H) -> Self
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub(in super::super) trait RouterExt {
 		H: RumaHandler<T>;
 }

-impl RouterExt for Router<State> {
+impl RouterExt for Router {
 	fn ruma_route<H, T>(self, handler: H) -> Self
 	where
 		H: RumaHandler<T>,
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ impl RouterExt for Router<State> {
 }

 pub(in super::super) trait RumaHandler<T> {
-	fn add_routes(&self, router: Router<State>) -> Router<State>;
+	fn add_routes(&self, router: Router) -> Router;

-	fn add_route(&self, router: Router<State>, path: &str) -> Router<State>;
+	fn add_route(&self, router: Router, path: &str) -> Router;
 }

 macro_rules! ruma_handler {
@@ -41,17 +41,17 @@ macro_rules! ruma_handler {
 			Req: IncomingRequest + Send + 'static,
 			Ret: IntoResponse,
 			Fut: Future<Output = Result<Req::OutgoingResponse, Ret>> + Send,
-			Fun: FnOnce($($tx,)* Ruma<Req>,) -> Fut + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
-			$( $tx: FromRequestParts<State> + Send + 'static, )*
+			Fun: FnOnce($($tx,)* Ruma<Req>) -> Fut + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
+			$( $tx: FromRequestParts<()> + Send + 'static, )*
 		{
-			fn add_routes(&self, router: Router<State>) -> Router<State> {
+			fn add_routes(&self, router: Router) -> Router {
 				Req::METADATA
 					.history
 					.all_paths()
 					.fold(router, |router, path| self.add_route(router, path))
 			}

-			fn add_route(&self, router: Router<State>, path: &str) -> Router<State> {
+			fn add_route(&self, router: Router, path: &str) -> Router {
 				let handle = self.clone();
 				let method = method_to_filter(&Req::METADATA.method);
 				let action = |$($tx,)* req| async { handle($($tx,)* req).await.map(RumaResponse) };
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
+mod auth;
+mod handler;
+mod request;
+mod response;
+
 use std::{mem, ops::Deref};

 use axum::{async_trait, body::Body, extract::FromRequest};
 use bytes::{BufMut, BytesMut};
-use conduit::{debug, err, trace, utils::string::EMPTY, Error, Result};
-use ruma::{api::IncomingRequest, CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId};
-use service::Services;
+use conduit::{debug, debug_warn, trace, warn};
+use ruma::{
+	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, IncomingRequest},
+	CanonicalJsonValue, OwnedDeviceId, OwnedServerName, OwnedUserId, UserId,
+};

-use super::{auth, auth::Auth, request, request::Request};
-use crate::{service::appservice::RegistrationInfo, State};
+use self::{auth::Auth, request::Request};
+pub(super) use self::{handler::RouterExt, response::RumaResponse};
+use crate::{service::appservice::RegistrationInfo, services, Error, Result};

 /// Extractor for Ruma request structs
-pub(crate) struct Args<T> {
+pub(crate) struct Ruma<T> {
 	/// Request struct body
 	pub(crate) body: T,

@@ -36,18 +44,18 @@ pub(crate) struct Args<T> {
 }

 #[async_trait]
-impl<T> FromRequest<State, Body> for Args<T>
+impl<T, S> FromRequest<S, Body> for Ruma<T>
 where
 	T: IncomingRequest,
 {
 	type Rejection = Error;

-	async fn from_request(request: hyper::Request<Body>, services: &State) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
-		let mut request = request::from(services, request).await?;
+	async fn from_request(request: hyper::Request<Body>, _: &S) -> Result<Self, Self::Rejection> {
+		let mut request = request::from(request).await?;
 		let mut json_body = serde_json::from_slice::<CanonicalJsonValue>(&request.body).ok();
-		let auth = auth::auth(services, &mut request, &json_body, &T::METADATA).await?;
+		let auth = auth::auth(&mut request, &json_body, &T::METADATA).await?;
 		Ok(Self {
-			body: make_body::<T>(services, &mut request, &mut json_body, &auth)?,
+			body: make_body::<T>(&mut request, &mut json_body, &auth)?,
 			origin: auth.origin,
 			sender_user: auth.sender_user,
 			sender_device: auth.sender_device,
@@ -57,22 +65,19 @@ where
 	}
 }

-impl<T> Deref for Args<T> {
+impl<T> Deref for Ruma<T> {
 	type Target = T;

 	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target { &self.body }
 }

-fn make_body<T>(
-	services: &Services, request: &mut Request, json_body: &mut Option<CanonicalJsonValue>, auth: &Auth,
-) -> Result<T>
+fn make_body<T>(request: &mut Request, json_body: &mut Option<CanonicalJsonValue>, auth: &Auth) -> Result<T>
 where
 	T: IncomingRequest,
 {
 	let body = if let Some(CanonicalJsonValue::Object(json_body)) = json_body {
 		let user_id = auth.sender_user.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-			let server_name = services.globals.server_name();
-			UserId::parse_with_server_name(EMPTY, server_name).expect("valid user_id")
+			UserId::parse_with_server_name("", services().globals.server_name()).expect("we know this is valid")
 		});

 		let uiaa_request = json_body
@@ -81,9 +86,9 @@ where
 			.and_then(|auth| auth.get("session"))
 			.and_then(|session| session.as_str())
 			.and_then(|session| {
-				services.uiaa.get_uiaa_request(
+				services().uiaa.get_uiaa_request(
 					&user_id,
-					&auth.sender_device.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| EMPTY.into()),
+					&auth.sender_device.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| "".into()),
 					session,
 				)
 			});
@@ -104,14 +109,21 @@ where
 	let mut http_request = hyper::Request::builder()
 		.uri(request.parts.uri.clone())
 		.method(request.parts.method.clone());
-	*http_request.headers_mut().expect("mutable http headers") = request.parts.headers.clone();
-	let http_request = http_request.body(body).expect("http request body");
+	*http_request.headers_mut().unwrap() = request.parts.headers.clone();
+	let http_request = http_request.body(body).unwrap();
+	debug!(
+		"{:?} {:?} {:?}",
+		http_request.method(),
+		http_request.uri(),
+		http_request.headers()
+	);

-	let headers = http_request.headers();
-	let method = http_request.method();
-	let uri = http_request.uri();
-	debug!("{method:?} {uri:?} {headers:?}");
-	trace!("{method:?} {uri:?} {json_body:?}");
+	trace!("{:?} {:?} {:?}", http_request.method(), http_request.uri(), json_body);
+	let body = T::try_from_http_request(http_request, &request.path).map_err(|e| {
+		warn!("try_from_http_request failed: {e:?}",);
+		debug_warn!("JSON body: {:?}", json_body);
+		Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::BadJson, "Failed to deserialize request.")
+	})?;

-	T::try_from_http_request(http_request, &request.path).map_err(|e| err!(Request(BadJson(debug_warn!("{e}")))))
+	Ok(body)
 }
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ use std::str;

 use axum::{extract::Path, RequestExt, RequestPartsExt};
 use bytes::Bytes;
-use conduit::{err, Result};
 use http::request::Parts;
+use ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind;
 use serde::Deserialize;
-use service::Services;
+
+use crate::{services, Error, Result};

 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 pub(super) struct QueryParams {
@@ -20,20 +21,19 @@ pub(super) struct Request {
 	pub(super) parts: Parts,
 }

-pub(super) async fn from(services: &Services, request: hyper::Request<axum::body::Body>) -> Result<Request> {
+pub(super) async fn from(request: hyper::Request<axum::body::Body>) -> Result<Request> {
 	let limited = request.with_limited_body();
 	let (mut parts, body) = limited.into_parts();

 	let path: Path<Vec<String>> = parts.extract().await?;
-	let query = parts.uri.query().unwrap_or_default();
-	let query =
-		serde_html_form::from_str(query).map_err(|e| err!(Request(Unknown("Failed to read query parameters: {e}"))))?;
+	let query = serde_html_form::from_str(parts.uri.query().unwrap_or_default())
+		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::Unknown, "Failed to read query parameters"))?;

-	let max_body_size = services.globals.config.max_request_size;
+	let max_body_size = services().globals.config.max_request_size;

 	let body = axum::body::to_bytes(body, max_body_size)
 		.await
-		.map_err(|e| err!(Request(TooLarge("Request body too large: {e}"))))?;
+		.map_err(|_| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::TooLarge, "Request body too large"))?;

 	Ok(Request {
 		path,
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-use std::{ops::Deref, sync::Arc};
-
-use conduit_service::Services;
-
-#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct State {
-	services: *const Services,
-}
-
-pub struct Guard {
-	services: Arc<Services>,
-}
-
-pub fn create(services: Arc<Services>) -> (State, Guard) {
-	let state = State {
-		services: Arc::into_raw(services.clone()),
-	};
-
-	let guard = Guard {
-		services,
-	};
-
-	(state, guard)
-}
-
-impl Drop for Guard {
-	fn drop(&mut self) {
-		let ptr = Arc::as_ptr(&self.services);
-		// SAFETY: Parity with Arc::into_raw() called in create(). This revivifies the
-		// Arc lost to State so it can be dropped, otherwise Services will leak.
-		let arc = unsafe { Arc::from_raw(ptr) };
-		debug_assert!(
-			Arc::strong_count(&arc) > 1,
-			"Services usually has more than one reference and is not dropped here"
-		);
-	}
-}
-
-impl Deref for State {
-	type Target = Services;
-
-	fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-		deref(&self.services).expect("dereferenced Services pointer in State must not be null")
-	}
-}
-
-/// SAFETY: State is a thin wrapper containing a raw const pointer to Services
-/// in lieu of an Arc. Services is internally threadsafe. If State contains
-/// additional fields this notice should be reevaluated.
-unsafe impl Send for State {}
-
-/// SAFETY: State is a thin wrapper containing a raw const pointer to Services
-/// in lieu of an Arc. Services is internally threadsafe. If State contains
-/// additional fields this notice should be reevaluated.
-unsafe impl Sync for State {}
-
-fn deref(services: &*const Services) -> Option<&Services> {
-	// SAFETY: We replaced Arc<Services> with *const Services in State. This is
-	// worth about 10 clones (20 reference count updates) for each request handled.
-	// Though this is not an incredibly large quantity, it's woefully unnecessary
-	// given the context as explained below; though it is not currently known to be
-	// a performance bottleneck, the front-line position justifies preempting it.
-	//
-	// Services is created prior to the axum/tower stack and Router, and prior
-	// to serving any requests through the handlers in this crate. It is then
-	// dropped only after all requests have completed, the listening sockets
-	// have been closed, axum/tower has been dropped. Thus Services is
-	// expected to live at least as long as any instance of State, making the
-	// constant updates to the prior Arc unnecessary to keep Services alive.
-	//
-	// Nevertheless if it is possible to accomplish this by annotating State
-	// with a lifetime to hold a reference (and be aware I have made a
-	// significant effort trying to make this work) this unsafety may not be
-	// necessary. It is either very difficult or impossible to get a
-	// lifetime'ed reference through Router / RumaHandler; though it is
-	// possible to pass a reference through axum's `with_state()` in trivial
-	// configurations as the only requirement of a State is Clone.
-	unsafe { services.as_ref() }
-}
@@ -1,23 +1,15 @@
-mod args;
-mod auth;
-mod handler;
-mod request;
-mod response;
-pub mod state;
-
 use axum::{
 	response::IntoResponse,
 	routing::{any, get, post},
 	Router,
 };
-use conduit::{err, Server};
+use conduit::{err, Error, Server};
 use http::Uri;
+use ruma::api::client::error::ErrorKind;

-use self::handler::RouterExt;
-pub(super) use self::{args::Args as Ruma, response::RumaResponse, state::State};
-use crate::{client, server};
+use crate::{client, router::RouterExt, server};

-pub fn build(router: Router<State>, server: &Server) -> Router<State> {
+pub fn build(router: Router, server: &Server) -> Router {
 	let config = &server.config;
 	let router = router
 		.ruma_route(client::get_supported_versions_route)
@@ -241,7 +233,7 @@ pub fn build(router: Router<State>, server: &Server) -> Router<State> {
 }

 async fn initial_sync(_uri: Uri) -> impl IntoResponse {
-	err!(Request(GuestAccessForbidden("Guest access not implemented")))
+	Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::GuestAccessForbidden, "Guest access not implemented")
 }

 async fn federation_disabled() -> impl IntoResponse { err!(Config("allow_federation", "Federation is disabled.")) }
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::{Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::backfill::get_backfill},
 	uint, user_id, MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch,
 };
+use service::{sending::convert_to_outgoing_federation_event, services};

 use crate::Ruma;

@@ -11,21 +11,19 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 ///
 /// Retrieves events from before the sender joined the room, if the room's
 /// history visibility allows.
-pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_backfill::v1::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_backfill::v1::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(body: Ruma<get_backfill::v1::Request>) -> Result<get_backfill::v1::Response> {
 	let origin = body.origin.as_ref().expect("server is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
 		.acl_check(origin, &body.room_id)?;

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.is_world_readable(&body.room_id)?
-		&& !services
+		&& !services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.server_in_room(origin, &body.room_id)?
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 	let until = body
 		.v
 		.iter()
-		.map(|event_id| services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_count(event_id))
+		.map(|event_id| services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_count(event_id))
 		.filter_map(|r| r.ok().flatten())
 		.max()
 		.ok_or_else(|| Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::InvalidParam, "Event not found."))?;
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 		.try_into()
 		.expect("UInt could not be converted to usize");

-	let all_events = services
+	let all_events = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.pdus_until(user_id!("@doesntmatter:conduit.rs"), &body.room_id, until)?
@@ -57,20 +55,20 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_backfill_route(
 		.filter_map(Result::ok)
 		.filter(|(_, e)| {
 			matches!(
-				services
+				services()
 					.rooms
 					.state_accessor
 					.server_can_see_event(origin, &e.room_id, &e.event_id,),
 				Ok(true),
 			)
 		})
-		.map(|(_, pdu)| services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&pdu.event_id))
+		.map(|(_, pdu)| services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&pdu.event_id))
 		.filter_map(|r| r.ok().flatten())
-		.map(|pdu| services.sending.convert_to_outgoing_federation_event(pdu))
+		.map(convert_to_outgoing_federation_event)
 		.collect();

 	Ok(get_backfill::v1::Response {
-		origin: services.globals.server_name().to_owned(),
+		origin: services().globals.server_name().to_owned(),
 		origin_server_ts: MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch::now(),
 		pdus: events,
 	})
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::{Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::event::get_event},
 	MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch, RoomId,
 };
+use service::{sending::convert_to_outgoing_federation_event, services};

 use crate::Ruma;

@@ -13,12 +13,10 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 ///
 /// - Only works if a user of this server is currently invited or joined the
 ///   room
-pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_event::v1::Request>,
-) -> Result<get_event::v1::Response> {
+pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(body: Ruma<get_event::v1::Request>) -> Result<get_event::v1::Response> {
 	let origin = body.origin.as_ref().expect("server is authenticated");

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu_json(&body.event_id)?
@@ -32,13 +30,16 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(
 	let room_id =
 		<&RoomId>::try_from(room_id_str).map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Invalid room_id in event in database."))?;

-	if !services.rooms.state_accessor.is_world_readable(room_id)?
-		&& !services.rooms.state_cache.server_in_room(origin, room_id)?
+	if !services().rooms.state_accessor.is_world_readable(room_id)?
+		&& !services()
+			.rooms
+			.state_cache
+			.server_in_room(origin, room_id)?
 	{
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Server is not in room."));
 	}

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.server_can_see_event(origin, room_id, &body.event_id)?
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_route(
 	}

 	Ok(get_event::v1::Response {
-		origin: services.globals.server_name().to_owned(),
+		origin: services().globals.server_name().to_owned(),
 		origin_server_ts: MilliSecondsSinceUnixEpoch::now(),
-		pdu: services.sending.convert_to_outgoing_federation_event(event),
+		pdu: convert_to_outgoing_federation_event(event),
 	})
 }
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;

-use axum::extract::State;
 use conduit::{Error, Result};
 use ruma::{
 	api::{client::error::ErrorKind, federation::authorization::get_event_authorization},
 	RoomId,
 };
+use service::{sending::convert_to_outgoing_federation_event, services};

 use crate::Ruma;

@@ -15,20 +15,20 @@ use crate::Ruma;
 ///
 /// - This does not include the event itself
 pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
-	State(services): State<crate::State>, body: Ruma<get_event_authorization::v1::Request>,
+	body: Ruma<get_event_authorization::v1::Request>,
 ) -> Result<get_event_authorization::v1::Response> {
 	let origin = body.origin.as_ref().expect("server is authenticated");

-	services
+	services()
 		.rooms
 		.event_handler
 		.acl_check(origin, &body.room_id)?;

-	if !services
+	if !services()
 		.rooms
 		.state_accessor
 		.is_world_readable(&body.room_id)?
-		&& !services
+		&& !services()
 			.rooms
 			.state_cache
 			.server_in_room(origin, &body.room_id)?
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
 		return Err(Error::BadRequest(ErrorKind::forbidden(), "Server is not in room."));
 	}

-	let event = services
+	let event = services()
 		.rooms
 		.timeline
 		.get_pdu_json(&body.event_id)?
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(
 	let room_id =
 		<&RoomId>::try_from(room_id_str).map_err(|_| Error::bad_database("Invalid room_id in event in database."))?;

-	let auth_chain_ids = services
+	let auth_chain_ids = services()
 		.rooms
 		.auth_chain
 		.event_ids_iter(room_id, vec![Arc::from(&*body.event_id)])
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ pub(crate) async fn get_event_authorization_route(

 	Ok(get_event_authorization::v1::Response {
 		auth_chain: auth_chain_ids
-			.filter_map(|id| services.rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&id).ok()?)
-			.map(|pdu| services.sending.convert_to_outgoing_federation_event(pdu))
+			.filter_map(|id| services().rooms.timeline.get_pdu_json(&id).ok()?)
+			.map(convert_to_outgoing_federation_event)
 			.collect(),
 	})
 }
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More